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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 32. New Zealand > Flashcards

32. New Zealand Flashcards

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1
Q

What is New Zealand’s latitude range and to what city in the northern hemisphere does Marlborough correspond?

A

1) 36-46 degrees south
2) Rome

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2
Q

New Zealand’s climate is predominantly what except for which region?

A

1) Maritime
2) Central Otago - sheltered on all sides by mountains with a semi-continental climate

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3
Q

How does the North Island’s temperatures differ to the South’s?

A

More moderate.

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4
Q

Most of New Zealand’s vineyards are found on which side of the island except for which two?

A

1) East
2) Nelson & Auckland

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5
Q

What protects the south island’s vineyards from wind and rain off the Tasman with the exception of Nelson?

A

The Southern Alps

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6
Q

Why is it thought that New Zealand has a higher UV level than places of a similar latitude in the northern hemisphere? (2)

A

1) A hole in the ozone layer
2) Low levels of air pollution

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7
Q

What can high UV levels contribute to New Zealand’s wines?

A

Enhance the development of colour and tannin

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8
Q

What makes grape growing possible in areas of the south island it would otherwise be too cool for?

A

Extended daylight hours increase viable ripening period

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9
Q

Why is canopy management particularly important in many of New Zealand’s wine regions? For these same reasons yields are also high despite low density planting (3)

A

1) High levels of UV
2) 2,000+ sunshine hours
3) Relatively fertile soils

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10
Q

For what two reasons do New Zealand’s grape growers tend to train vines higher than those of a similar latitude in the northern hemisphere?

A

1) High sunlight hours mean vines do not need reflected solar energy
2) Higher fruiting zones makes hand harvesting easier

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11
Q

What are four viticultural hazards in NZ and why?

A

1) Fungal disease due to high rainfall and humidity
2) Birds due to very few predators
3) Sunburn due to high UV
4) Cyclonic winds disrupting flowering/fruit set

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12
Q

Why is irrigation practiced in some areas despite high rainfall? (2)

A

1) Due to free-draining alluvial soils
2) High winds that increase evapotranspiration

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13
Q

What two costs are associated with protecting against birds?

A

1) Bird scarers
2) Netting

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14
Q

What variety accounts for 62% of New Zealand’s plantings?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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15
Q

Why is experimentation with different winemaking techniques common in New Zealand

A

Due to no GI-specific regulations

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16
Q

What might be added at bottling to ensure freshness? (2)

A

1) Ascorbic acid (an antioxidant)
2) SO2

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17
Q

Describe the common winemaking process for NZ Sauvignon Blanc in four steps

A

1) Low temperatures
2) Neutral vessel to retain primary fruit
3) Cultured yeasts to increase aromatics
4) MLC, maturation and lees contact are avoided

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18
Q

For which variety is cold maceration commonplace and why?

A

Pinot Noir to extract colour and aroma

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19
Q

What are the four main regions of the North Island?

A

1) Greater Auckland
2) Gisborne
3) Hawke’s Bay
4) Wairarapa

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20
Q

What are the five regions of the South Island?

A

1) Nelson
2) Marlborough
3) Canterbury
4) Central Otago
5) Waitaki

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21
Q

What are the three sub-regions of Greater Auckland?

A

1) Waiheke Island
2) West Auckland
3) Matakana

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22
Q

What are the two main varieties of Waiheke Island?

A

1) Cabernet Sauvignon
2) Syrah

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23
Q

Why can mid- to late-ripening varieties ripen fully on Waiheke?

A

The surrounding water leads to a relatively low diurnal range

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24
Q

What is the topography of Waiheke Island?

A

Gently undulating thus allowing growers to find sheltered positions for their vineyards

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25
Q

What two factors mean Waiheke Island’s wines are often premium priced?

A

1) Expansion and proximity to Auckland
2) Transport costs to the island

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26
Q

Two significant producers of Waiheke Island?

A

1) Stonyridge
2) Man O’ War

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27
Q

Why is land under vine likely to decrease in West Auckland?

A

The high cost of land and increasing urbanisation meaning many wineries based here already source fruit from other parts of New Zealand

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28
Q

Why is Gisborne one of the first regions to harvest each year?

A

The moderate maritime climate with high hours of sunshine and warming breezes from the north

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29
Q

Where are the majority of vineyards planted in Gisborne versus the more premium sites? (2)

A

1) Flat, fertile floodplain consisting of clay, loam and silt
2) On hillsides where the soils are poorer (premium)

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30
Q

What are the main two varieties planted in Gisborne?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Pinot Gris

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31
Q

High precipitation and fertile soils in Gisborne mean grape growers need to do what? (2)

A

1) Choose devigorating rootstocks
2) Precise canopy management to prevent excessive canopy growth

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32
Q

Name a significant producer based in Gisborne

A

Milton Vineyards

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33
Q

Hawke’s Bay is similar in climate to what French wine region?

A

Bordeaux - moderate maritime with good sunshine and rainfall

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34
Q

What are the two key sub-regions of Hawke’s Bay?

A

1) Gimblett Gravels
2) Bridge Pa

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35
Q

Name two key producers in Hawke’s Bay

A

Craggy Range & Te Mata

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36
Q

What are the main varieties of Hawke’s Bay (3)

A

1) Bordeaux varieties (Merlot is dominant as Cabernet can fail to ripen in cooler years)
2) Syrah
3) Chardonnay

37
Q

Describe the soils of Gimblett Gravels (2)

A

1) Stony topsoil warms during the day and releases heat into the evening aiding ripening
2) Free-draining meaning irrigation is necessary despite high rainfall

38
Q

How do the soils of Bridge Pa differ to Gimblett Gravels?

A

Alluvial gravel but has a deeper topsoil with more sand and clay loam aiding water retention

39
Q

What is a viticultural hazard in Hawke’s Bay

A

Frost due to little moderating influence from the coast

40
Q

What is the main sub-region of Wairarapa?

A

Martinborough

41
Q

What are the two key varieties of Wairarapa?

A

1) Pinot Noir
2) Sauvignon Blanc

42
Q

Two significant producers in Wairarapa?

A

1) Dry River
2) Ata Rangi

43
Q

Why might Wairarapa see low yields and greater tannin presence than other areas of the country? (2)

A

1) Strong winds coming from the cook Strait during flowering and fruit set
2) Resulting in thicker skins creating wines of higher tannins

44
Q

What are the soils of Wairarapa?

A

Free-draining alluvial gravel terraces with silt loam and loess, which heat slower thus slowing ripening

45
Q

What is the clone of Pinot Noir found in Martinborough thought to have been propagated from a DRC cutting

A

Abel clone

46
Q

Why is the Abel Clone suited to Wairarapa’s climate?

A

It flowers late and so misses from of the worst weather periods that could reduce yields

47
Q

What two factors mean Marlborough requires irrigation?

A

1) Annual rainfall is low to moderate s the region is protected by surrounding mountain ranges
2) Free-draining alluvial soils

48
Q

Why is machine harvesting in Marlborough commonplace? (2)

A

1) Flat landscape
2) Research has shown that machine harvesting promotes the flavour precursors that generate passionfruit and green bell pepper aromas associated with the region’s Sauvignon Blanc due to the short period of maceration on skins that happens when machine harvested vs hand harvest

49
Q

What are the three main valleys in Marlborough?

A

1) Wairau
2) Awatere
3) Southern Valleys

50
Q

Describe the orientation and climatic influences of the Wairau

A

Runs east to west with lessening degrees of ocean influence further inland resulting in greater diurnal range

51
Q

Why are Wairau vineyards nearer the coast able to produce higher yields than those further inland? (2)

A

1) The soils are more fertile
2) The water table is higher

52
Q

What is the orientation of the Southern Valleys?

A

North-south

53
Q

How do the soils of the Southern Valleys differ from the rest of the region?

A

More clay leading to greater water retention

54
Q

Why does Pinot Noir thrive in the Southern Valleys?

A

Harvest can be up to two weeks later than in the Wairau due to the cooler clay soils

55
Q

Describe the location and terroir of Awatere Valley (2)

A

1) South of Wairau over the Wither Hills
2) Cooler and windier than Wairau due to higher elevation and proximity to the coast

56
Q

Why is Awatere Sauvignon Blanc more herbaceous than the rest of the region?

A

Awatere is the coolest sub-zone with the latest harvest date

57
Q

Why is Awatere Pinot Noir often deeper in colour than Wairau?

A

The conditions are windier leading to berries with thicker skins

58
Q

Besides Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc what are two other key varieties grown in Marlborough?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Pinot Gris

59
Q

Pinot Noir destined for early drinking tends to come from which Marlborough sub-region and why?

A

1) Wairau
2) Due to the free-draining alluvial soils and marginally warmer conditions

60
Q

Why does Nelson have a similar number of sunshine days but higher rainfall compared with Marlborough? (2)

A

1) It is not as protected from the cool, wet winds from the west
2) Its rainfall tends to fall in sudden, heavy storms

61
Q

Name a producer in Marlborough

A

Cloudy Bay

62
Q

What are the two sub-regions of Nelson?

A

1) Moutere Hills
2) Waimea Plains

63
Q

What are the soils of Moutere Hills?

A

Clay-based gravel with sandy loam topsoil - low nutrient but good water retention

64
Q

How do the wines of Moutere Hills compare with Waimea Plains?

A

Fuller bodied and more concentrated

65
Q

What are the two key varieties grown in Nelson?

A

1) Sauvignon Blanc
2) Pinot Noir

66
Q

What are Canterbury’s two sub-regions?

A

1) North Canterbury
2) Canterbury Plains

67
Q

Why are North Canterbury’s daytime summer temperatures warm despite its latitude?

A

It is sheltered from cooler weather by the Southern Alps with a high number of sunshine hours and hot, dry winds from the north-west

68
Q

Why is irrigation often necessary in Canterbury? (2)

A

1) Hot winds from the north-west increase evapotranspiration
2) Rain shadow of the Southern Alps

69
Q

What are two sub-regions of North Canterbury

A

1) Waipara Valley
2) Waikari

70
Q

What are Canterbury’s main three varieties?

A

1) Pinot Noir
2) Riesling
3) Sauvignon Blanc

71
Q

Name two significant Canterbury producers

A

1) Bell Hill
2) Pegasus Bay

72
Q

Why is Waipara Valley slightly warmer than the rest of North Canterbury?

A

Due to the Teviotdale Hills that protect it from the cold, easterly winds

73
Q

Why is Central Otago a good location for organic viticulture?

A

The Southern Alps protect it from rain-bearing westerly winds mitigating fungal disease pressures

74
Q

What gives Central Otago its high diurnal range? (2)

A

1) Southerly latitude (warm, long days) and high UV
2) 300m elevation

75
Q

What are the two main viticultural hazard in Central Otago?

A

1) Spring frost - helicopters
2) Sunburn - grapes shaded on the west

76
Q

What viticultural hazard can be found in Otago and how is it managed?

A

1) Frost due to cold nights
2) Helicopters (cost)

77
Q

Why are cover crops and compost widely used in Central Otago?

A

The soils are low in organic matter

78
Q

What are the seven sub-regions of Otago (Central and North)?

A

1) Alexandra
2) Gibbston
3) Bannockburn - warm, dry
4) Cromwell, Lowburn, Pisa
5) Bendigo
6) Wanaka
7) Waitaki (North)

79
Q

What is Central Otago’s furthest south sub-region?

A

Alexandra

80
Q

What is Central Otago’s highest and coolest sub-region?

A

Gibbston

81
Q

What is the most intensively planted sub-region in Central Otago?

A

Bannockburn

82
Q

What is Central Otago’s hottest sub-region?

A

Bendigo - Syrah can ripen here

83
Q

What is Central Otago’s most northerly sub-region?

A

Wanaka

84
Q

Why are Bannockburn’s wines intensely concentrated? (3)

A

1) Semi-arid
2) Continental climate
3) Poor stony, free-draining soils

Produce low yields

85
Q

Where is most of New Zealand’s wine sold

A

Export - USA, UK, Australia

86
Q

Name an Otago producer

A

Rippon

87
Q

What soil can be found in Waitaki that’s not found in the rest of (Central) Otago?

A

Limestone

88
Q

Where is most NZ wine sold?

A

Exported to USA, UK, Aus

89
Q

How are NZ wines seen on the world stage?

A

High quality, sustainable and environmentally friendly (Sustainable Wine New Zealand, SWNZ)

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (42 decks)

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