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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 19. Southern Italy > Flashcards

19. Southern Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

For what four varieties is Campania known?

A

Falanghina
Greco
Fiano
Aglianico
Piedirosso

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2
Q

What is Campania’s climate?

A

Warm Mediterranean

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3
Q

Where does the cooling influence come from for Campania’s inland vineyards?

A

Inland vines are planted on slopes up to 600 m altitude, providing a cooling influence

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4
Q

What are the soils of the hillside DOCGs of Campania?

A

Limestone and clay

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5
Q

What are the soils of Campi Flegrei DOC and Vesuvio DOC?

A

Volcanic and sandy soils

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6
Q

From which varieties is Campi Flegrei DOC mostly made?

A

Falanghina (white)
Piedirosso (rose and red)

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7
Q

From which varieties is Vesuvio DOC mostly made?

A

Coda di Volpe (white)
Piedirosso (red)

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8
Q

What is the most grown variety in Campania?

A

Aglianico

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9
Q

What is the most grown white variety in Campania?

A

Falanghina

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10
Q

What is the largest DOC for Falanghina del Sannio?

A

Falanghina del Sannio

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11
Q

When does Falanghina ripen?

A

Mid-to-late ripening

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12
Q

Why is Greco a challenging grape to grow? (4)

A

It is prone to:
1) Grey rot
2) Both mildews
3) Has low vigour
4) Low productivity

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13
Q

Why is Greco attracting interest in countries with warming climates and water restrictions?

A

It is a heat-tolerant and drought resistant
variety

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14
Q

When does Fiano ripen?

A

Late

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15
Q

Why can Fiano resist botrytis even though it is late ripening?

A

It has thick skins

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16
Q

What disease pressures is Fiano prone to?

A

Both mildews

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17
Q

What are three vineyard characteristics of Aglianico?

A

Early budding
Late ripening
Vigorous

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18
Q

What is Aglianico prone to?

A

Botrytis

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19
Q

What is Campania’s most important denomination for Aglianico?

A

Taurasi DOCG

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20
Q

Taurasi DOCG must be a minimum what per cent Aglianico?

A

85%

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21
Q

What are Taurasi DOCG’s ageing requirements?

A

Three years of ageing, a minimum of one of which must be in wood

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22
Q

What are the two main uses for Piedirosso in Campania?

A

1) To make early-drinking, varietal wines
2) To soften Aglianico-based wines where it adds perfume and freshness

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23
Q

What are two province-wide DOCs in Campania?

A

1) Irpinia DOC for the province of Avellino
2) Sannio DOC for the province of Benevento

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24
Q

What is the most planted variety in Basilicata?

A

Aglianico

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25
Q

What is the principal denomination of Basilicata?

A

Aglianico del Vulture DOC

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26
Q

What are three requirements of Aglianico del Vulture DOC?

A

1) 100% Aglianico
2) A maximum yield of 70 hL/ha
3) One year of ageing.

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27
Q

What soils are to be found in Aglianico del Vulture?

A

Clay, limestone and volcanic soils

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28
Q

What is the climate of Aglianico del Vulture?

A

Warm Mediterranean with cooling influences from altitudes up to 600 m,

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29
Q

When does Aglianico ripen?

A

Late

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30
Q

What are three requirements of Aglianico del Vulture Superiore DOCG?

A

1) Maximum yield is
restricted to 52hL/ha
2) Minimum three years of ageing, one in oak
3) Riserva: five years of which two in oak

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31
Q

Name a significant producer of Aglianico del Vulture

A

Elena Fucci

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32
Q

Why is Puglia well suited to volume production?

A

Low rainfall reduces the threat of fungal diseases, soils are fertile and irrigation is permitted.

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33
Q

What is Puglia’s climate?

A

Hot Mediterranean climate and moderating breezes from the sea

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34
Q

What are the three black varieties in Puglia typical to Puglia?

A

1) Primitivo
2) Negroamaro
3) Nero di Troia

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35
Q

When does Primitivo bud and ripen?

A

Early

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36
Q

What is a challenge for growers with regard to Primitivo?

A

The variability of
production level due to its vulnerability to
drought and has poor flowering and fruit set in rainy and humid years.

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37
Q

What are the two main DOCs for Primitivo in Puglia?

A

1) Primitivo di Manduria DOC
2) Gioia del Colle DOC

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38
Q

Primitivo di Manduria DOC must contain a minimum what per cent Primitivo?

A

85%

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39
Q

What are the three requirements of Primitivo di Manduria DOC Riserva?

A

1) Must be aged for
two and a half years
2) 9 months in wood
3) Minimum 14% abv.

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40
Q

Gioia del Colle DOC must be what per cent Primitivo?

A

100%

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41
Q

What is the cooler of Puglia’s Primitivo denominations?

A

Gioia del Colle

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42
Q

Name two key Primitivo producers in Puglia

A

Gianfranco Fino (Primitivo di Manduria) and Polvanera (Gioia del Colle).

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43
Q

Puglia’s Primitivo was victim to the EU’s vine pull scheme, but what has contributed to its renaissance?

A

The success of Californian Zinfandel.

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44
Q

What three characteristics make Negroamaro highly suitable for growing
in a hot climate?

A

1) High yielding
2) Good resistance to diseases and to drought
3) Ability to retain acidity

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45
Q

What is Negroamaro’s most important DOC?

A

Salice Salentino DOC

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46
Q

Salice Salentino DOC Riserva wines must be aged for how long?

A

For a minimum of two years with at least six months in large wood casks.

47
Q

Negroamaro must make up what per cents of Salice Salentino Rosso DOC?

A

A minimum of 75 per cent Negroamaro and, if the variety is on label, 90 per cent.

48
Q

Name an important Negroamaro producer in Puglia

A

Agricola Vallone

49
Q

What is the typical winemaking program for Primitivo and Negroamaro? (3)

A

1) Macerated on the skins for 7–10 days
2) Aged either
in stainless steel for a short time (6 months) for inexpensive wines
3) For a year in oak (midpriced to premium)

50
Q

When does Nero di Troia ripen?

A

Late

51
Q

What is Nero di Troia prone to? (2)

A

1) Downy mildew
2) Autumn rain

52
Q

Why are costly repeated passes through the vineyard a necessity for Nero di Troia

A

The bunches
ripen at different times

53
Q

What is the most important PDO for Nero di Troia?

A

Castel del Monte DOC/Riserva DOCG

54
Q

What business type plays an important role in the production of wine in Puglia?

A

Co-operatives

55
Q

What per cent of Puglia’s wine is PDO?

A

Less than 10%

56
Q

What variety is Sicily’s most planted?

A

Cataratto

57
Q

What two other local varieties are commonly planted in Sicily?

A

1) Grillo
2) Inzolia

58
Q

What is Sicily’s most planted black variety?

A

Nero d’Avola

59
Q

What is Sicily’s climate?

A

Warm Mediterranean

60
Q

What international variety is often blended with Sicily’s local varieties?

A

Chardonnay

61
Q

What is Catarratto notable for?

A

For being high yielding and disease resistant

62
Q

Why is Grillo very suitable for Sicily’s warm, dry climate?

A

It is moderately high yielding and heat resistant and has good disease resistance

63
Q

Grillo can lose aroma quickly. What practices in the vineyard and winery mitigate this?

A

1) Care has to be taken not to over-expose the bunches
2) The must oxidises easily and therefore
modern wines are made using protective winemaking

64
Q

When does Inzolia ripen?

A

Early

65
Q

Why is Inzolia a good blending partner for Catarratto and Grillo?

A

Its acidity level

66
Q

What is the local Sicilian name for Moscato?

A

Zibbibo

67
Q

Wines are made in three styles on Pantelleria from Moscato. What are they?

A

1) Dry
2) Late harvest
3) Passito

68
Q

Why is Moscato well suited to growth on Pantelleria?

A

The island is closer toTunisia than to the rest of Sicily and Moscato is a heat and drought resistant variety

69
Q

When does Nero d’Avola ripen?

A

Late

70
Q

Why is Nero d’Avola often grown close to the ground?

A

To maximise the heat given that it’s a late ripening variety

71
Q

What two things is Nero d’Avola susceptible to in the vineyard?

A

1) Powdery mildew
2) Uneven flowering

72
Q

Nero d’Avola and Frappato are often blended in which Sicilian DOCG?

A

Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG

73
Q

When does Nerello bud and ripen?

A

1) Early
2) Late

74
Q

What does Nerello suffer from in the vineyard? (3)

A

1) Coulure
2) Powdery mildew
3) Botrytis

75
Q

The timing of deleafing of Nerello needs to be precise. Why?

A

If deleafing is too early, then the berries can be burnt by the sun; if not done soon enough the fruit may never ripen fully

76
Q

What is the minimum per cent of Nerello in Etna Rosso DOC?

A

80%

77
Q

Etna Rosso DOC may also include what variety?

A

Nerello Cappuccio

78
Q

What are the requirements for Etna Rosso Riserva?

A

Four years of ageing, of which one must be in wood

79
Q

Etna Bianco DOC is a minimum 60% (better versions often see 100%) which variety?

A

Carricante

80
Q

Etna Bianco DOC can be blended with what?

A

Catarratto

81
Q

Sicily’s wine business is unusual in Italy. Why?

A

The wine business
is led by a small number of large and influential
private companies

82
Q

What is Sardinia’s climate?

A

Warm Mediterranean climate with low rainfall during the growing season

83
Q

Adequate rainfall falls in which area of Sardinia and irrigation is required in which area?

A

1) North-west
2) South-east

84
Q

What is Sardinia’s primary variety?

A

Canonau

85
Q

What are Sardinia’s two leading white varieties?

A

1) Vermentino
2) Nuragus

86
Q

Besides Cannonau, what three other black varieties are common on Sardinia?

A

1) Carignano
2) Monica Nero
3) Sangiovese

87
Q

What are the ageing requirements of Cannonau di Sardegna and Cannonau di Sardegna Classico?

A

Must be aged for two
years, six months of which must be in wood (12 months in the case of Classico).

88
Q

When does Vermentino bud?

A

Early

89
Q

When does Vermentino ripen?

A

Mid-ripening

90
Q

What is Vermentino prone to? (2)

A

1) Downy mildew
2) European grape moth

91
Q

Describe the typical winemaking process for Vermentino in Sardinia (4)

A

1) Gentle pressing of the grapes
2) A short period of skin contact (24 hours)
3) Fermentation at cool to mid-range temperatures in stainless steel
4) Short period of ageing (3–4 months) in neutral containers on the fine lees.

92
Q

What are the two most important denominations for Vermentino in Sardinia?

A

1) Vermentino di Sardegna DOC (island-wide)
2) Vermentino di Gallura DOCG (north-east)

93
Q

Where is Carignano mainly grown in Sardinia and why?

A

1) In the south-west corner of the
island
2) As a heat and drought-resistant variety, it can thrive despite high summer
temperatures, low rainfall and drying winds from the sea

94
Q

What is Sardinia’s main PDO for Carignano?

A

Carignano del Sulcis DOC

95
Q

What is the most common form of training and a requirement of Carignano del Sulcis DOC Superiore?

A

Bush

96
Q

Why are bush vines suited to Carignano del Sulcis DOC?

A

Due to the dry climate of the area and restrain the natural vigour of the variety

97
Q

What are the ageing requirements of Carignano del Sulcis DOC Superiore and Riserva?

A

Two years

98
Q

What are the three hillside denominations of Campania?

A

1) Fiano di Avellino DOCG
2) Greco di Tufo DOCG
3) Taurasi DOCG

99
Q

What are the two volcanic denominations around Naples?

A

1) Campi Flegrei DOC
2) Vesuvio DOC

100
Q

Why does the harvest date for Falanghina need to be carefully chosen? (2)

A

1) Can ripen late so autumn rain
2) Shrivels near season’s end

101
Q

Describe the characteristics of Greco as a wine (3)

A

1) Floral
2) Oily
3) Smoky with age

102
Q

What are the maximum yield of the Greco, Fiano and Aglianico DOCGs?

A

70hL/ha

103
Q

What are Taurasi DOCG Riserva’s ageing requirements

A

four years including 18 months in wood for riserva

104
Q

Why is Aglianico often not harvested until into November?

A

To ensure the ripeness of tannins

105
Q

How are most Campania vineyards trained and trellised?

A

Guyot/cordon and VSP

106
Q

Sangiovese and Montepulciano are grown in Puglia principally for what purpose?

A

Bulk wine

107
Q

Old vine Primitivo is commonly planted in what way and why is it beneficial?

A

1) Bush vines
2) Makes good use of low water availability due to low density plantings

108
Q

How is Moscato planted in Sicily/Pantelleria?

A

Low bush vines in individual planting holes to conserve water and offer wind protection

109
Q

Nerello Mascalese often only sees 10-15 days maceration on skins, which is relatively short. Why?

A

It’s a high tannin variety

110
Q

What two vineyard factors add to the cost of premium Etna wines?

A

1) Low yielding old vines
2) Strep slips require hand harvesting

111
Q

Etna’s vineyards can be as high as what altitude? Why environment does this create?

A

1) 1,000
2) High diurnal range

112
Q

Etna Carricante often undergoes MLC. Why?

A

To reduce the acidity returned due to Etna’s high diurnal range

113
Q

What is the generic Sicily DOC that replaced the IGT in 2011?

A

Sicilia DOC

114
Q

What is Sardinia’s main cooling factor?

A

Altitude

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (42 decks)

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