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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 27. Canada > Flashcards

27. Canada Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the vast majority of Canada unsuitable for viticulture? (2)

A

1) High latitude
2) Extremes of temperature

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2
Q

The vast majority of Canada’s wine production comes from which two provinces?

A

Ontario and
British Columbia

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3
Q

Small amounts of wine are also made in which other two provinces?

A

Nova Scotia and
Quebec

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4
Q

Most Canadian vineyards are planted next to what geological feature to moderate temperatures and why? (4)

A

1) Near lakes
2) The lake effect reduces the risk of winter freeze
2b) In spring the water heats up slowly delaying budbreak usually until after the risk of spring
frosts.
2c) It then retains summer warmth into the autumn, extending the growing season.

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5
Q

What is a consequence of Canada’s vineyards being close to lakes?

A

The lakes cause higher levels of humidity, raising the risk of fungal disease.

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6
Q

How are the vines naturally protected from the cold winter air?

A

The moisture from the lakes evaporates and meets the ambient
cold air production precipitation in the form of snow. This usually produces enough snow
cover to protect the vines and insulate them.

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7
Q

At what latitude are Canada’s vineyards?

A

41° and 51° N

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8
Q

Canada’s northerly latitude means what? (2)

A

1) It makes for a shorter growing season
2) Longer daylight hours in the summer than more southerly wine regions,

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9
Q

Why is VSP the most common form of vine training in Canadian vineyards near lakes?

A

Careful canopy management is crucial in humid areas around lakes: the canopy needs to be as open as possible to improve air flow and reduce the risk of fungal diseases such as mildew and botrytis.

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10
Q

What are the six main pests in Canada’s vineyards?

A

1) Moths
2) Mealy bugs
3) Leafhoppers
4) Birds
5) Deer
6) Bears

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11
Q

Canada’s growing season can be as short as between what months?

A

May - budbreak
August - harvest

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12
Q

Harvest can be between which months?

A

August - February (the following year)

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13
Q

Where is drought a concern?

A

Okanagan Valley

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14
Q

In areas where the winters can be bitterly cold, such as Prince Edward County, how do producers protect their vines and what is a disadvantage of this practice?

A

1) Bury their vines
2) Time-consuming and labour intensive
and therefore can significantly add to production costs.

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15
Q

Some wineries are experimenting with what as an alternative to burying their vines in winter?

A

Geotextiles - fabrics draped over the vines to help protect against
winter damage

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16
Q

What is Canada’s most important hybrid variety?

A

Vidal

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17
Q

What these characteristics of Vidal make it suitable for viticulture in Canada?

A

1) High acidity
2) Slow ripening
3) Thick skins

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18
Q

Besides Vidal and Riesling what other varieties might be found in Canadian vineyards?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris,
Gewürztraminer

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19
Q

Even in warmer areas, Canada’s wines are characterised by high acid. Why? (2)

A

1) Cooler temperatures
2) Wide diurnal range

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20
Q

Which province accounts for the majority of Canada’s icewine?

A

Ontario

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21
Q

Production regulations state that icewine must be harvest at what temperature?

A

-8 celcius and below

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22
Q

Some wineries harvest by hand, but many now machine harvest. Why?

A

Due to the difficulty of sourcing pickers to work at night in
very cold temperatures

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23
Q

The very high levels of sugar in the must
often mean that fermentation stops naturally at what ABV

A

9-11%

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24
Q

How much residual sugar is typically left in icewine?

A

200–250 g/L

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25
Q

Besides Riesling and Vidal what three other varieties are used to make icewine?

A

Cabernet Franc, Gewurztraminer and Chardonnay.

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26
Q

Icewine is typically fermented and matured in what vessel type and why?

A

Stainless steel to retain the aromas and
flavours of the grape variety

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27
Q

Why are icewine yields so low?

A

1) Due to the grapes dehydrating
2) Damaged or lost due to bad weather, rot and animals while waiting or temperatures to drop to –8°C (18°F) or below

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28
Q

What does VQA stand for?

A

Vintners Quality Alliance

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29
Q

How are wines tested for VQA eligibility?

A

Through
sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis.

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30
Q

VQA wines with a single variety stated on the label must contain at least what percent of that variety?

A

85%

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31
Q

Where two or more varieties are listed those varieties must make up at least what percent of the wine?

A

95%

32
Q

A significant amount of wine bottled in Canada is still produced at least in part from
imported must or wine. As of 2018, these wines must be labelled how?

A

International blend from imported and domestic wines

or

International blend from domestic and imported wines

33
Q

Wines that are made entirely from Canadian grapes but do not qualify for VQA status may
state what on the label?

A

Product of Canada

34
Q

Ontario’s vineyards are mainly planted on or near the shores of which two of the Great Lakes

A

Erie
Ontario

35
Q

Describe the soils of Ontario

A

Clay and sand

The areas around the lakes have a high concentration of limestone from an ancient seabed

36
Q

What are the three primary appellations of Ontario?

A

1) Niagara Peninsula
2) Lake Erie North Shore
3) Prince Edward County

37
Q

Name two significant producers in Ontario?

A

Inniskillin and Peller
Estates.

38
Q

What is the largest appellation within Ontario?

A

Niagara Peninsula

39
Q

What is the Niagara Escarpment?

A

A north-facing limestone bluff which rises to around 100 metres above
the level of neighbouring Lake Ontario

40
Q

Various river valleys cut down from the Niagara Escarpment
to the lake. What is the result of this?

A

There is a wide variety of soils and microclimates allowing for the production of wines in a range of styles

41
Q

Where are the majority of Niagara Peninsula’s vineyards situated?

A

Part way up the escarpment and the slopes just above them

42
Q

Ontario is one of the deepest of the Great Lakes, meaning what?

A

It takes longer to warm
up in the spring, and takes longer to cool down in the autumn

43
Q

How do the lake and escarpment provide warming air flow in winter and cooling air flow in the summer, prolonging the growing season and reducing the risk of
fungal disease and frosts?

A

1) During the winter, the land away from the lake cools quickly.
2) Cold air above this land flows down the slope of the escarpment under the influence of gravity.
3) At the same time relatively warm air over the lake rises and flows inland.
4) As cold air flows down the escarpment, it is replaced by the warm air above.

44
Q

What are the two regional appellations of Niagara Peninsula?

A

1) Niagara Escarpment
2) Niagara-on-
the-Lake

45
Q

What area does the Niagara Escarpment appellation cover?

A

This covers the benches and gentle, northern slopes of the
escarpment (but not the land nearer the lake nor the plateau on top).

46
Q

Why is Niagara Escarpment appellation the coolest part of the Peninsula?

A

The combination of
altitude and cooling lake breezes makes this the coolest part of the Peninsula

47
Q

What four varieties do well in Niagara Escarpment?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Pinot Noir
3) Cabernet Franc
4) Riesling

48
Q

What area does the Niagara-on-the-Lake appellation cover?

A

A large area of the relatively flat land along the shores of
Lake Ontario, directly to the west of the Niagara River

49
Q

Why is Niagara-on-the-Lake slightly warmer than Niagara Escarpment?

A

The proximity to the lake reduces the drop in night-time temperatures
and means autumns stay warmer longer.

50
Q

Niagara-on-the-Lake also produces the same varieties as Niagara Escarpment but in what style?

A

Slightly riper and fruitier

51
Q

Niagara-on-the-Lake produces the same varieties as Niagara Escarpment as well as what other varieties?

A

Bordeaux varieties

52
Q

Why is winter freeze is more of a concern in Lake Erie North Shore than in Niagara?

A

Lake Erie is the
shallowest of the Great Lakes and therefore warms up more quickly in spring but cools down more quickly in autumn

53
Q

Is Lake Erie North Shore warmer or cooler than Niagara?

A

Warmer

54
Q

What is Ontario’s most northerly appellation?

A

Prince Edward County

55
Q

What is a regular concern for viticulture in Prince Edward County and why?

A

Winter freeze

Due to latitude

56
Q

What aids ripening in Prince Edward County?

A

The vineyard area is situated on a broad limestone plateau with a stony topsoil that
conducts heat and radiates it at night

57
Q

What two varieties are most common in Prince Edward County?

A

Pinot Noir
Chardonnay

58
Q

Describe the two distinct viticultural climates of British Columbia

A

1) Close to the Pacific coast with a cool, maritime climate
2) 400 kilometres inland sheltered from any maritime influence by
several mountain ranges

59
Q

Are British Columbia’s vineyards north or south of Ontario’s?

A

North (48°–51°)

60
Q

What is a consequence of British Columbia’s latitude?

A

The growing season is shorter but, during the growing season, the days are longer

61
Q

What is the most planted black grape in British Columbia?

A

Merlot

62
Q

What is the most planted white grape in British Columbia?

A

Pinot Gris

63
Q

Describe Pinot Noir grown in British Columbia

A

Riper and fruitier
that Ontario with relatively high tannins

64
Q

Describe Merlot grown in British Columbia

A

Tends to be more full-bodied than that in Ontario, with
higher tannin levels, higher alcohol and riper fruit flavours.

65
Q

Name two significant producers in British Columbia

A

Le Vieux Pin and Mission Hill

66
Q

If named on the label, what per cent of the grapes must have come from that appellation of British Columbia?

A

95 per cent

The remainder from elsewhere within British Columbia.

67
Q

What are the two key appellations of British Columbia?

A

1) Okanagan Valley
2) Similkameen Valley

68
Q

What are the prevailing soils in Okanagan Valley and what is a resulting requirement

A

1) Glacial deposits of various types, particularly loams, and become
increasingly sandy in the south.
2) Irrigation is essential

69
Q

What is the climate of Okanagan Valley?

A

Extreme continental climate with cold winters, risk of spring frost and very warm summers

70
Q

At what altitude are Okanagan Valley vineyards planted?

A

Around 300–600 metres above
sea level

71
Q

What varieties are best suited to the northern end of the Okanagan Valley and on east-facing slopes that are shaded from the
afternoon sun

A

Pinot Noir, Pinot
Gris, Riesling, Chardonnay and Gewürztraminer

72
Q

What varieties are best suited to the hotter southern end of the Okanagan Valley?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon and even Syrah

73
Q

The climate of Similkameen Valley is similar to Okanagan, but why is it hotter? (2)

A

1) There aren’t any lakes to moderate temperature
2) The mountains also trap heat in the
valley later into the evening.

74
Q

What are the main varieties of Similkameen Valley?

A

Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay

75
Q

What is the climate of Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands and Fraser Valley?

A

Cool, maritime climate moderated by the Pacific Ocean.

76
Q

What variety is best suited to Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands and Fraser Valley?

A

Only early- ripening
varieties are successful in these cooler, damper conditions, most notably Pinot Noir

77
Q

Demand exceeds supply and Canada is still a large net importer of wine. Why?

A

Due to relatively low production and the inability to produce certain styles of wines (e.g. the full bodied, very ripe wines of lower latitude climates)

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (27 decks)

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