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WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World > 21. Portugal > Flashcards

21. Portugal Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Portugal’s PDO?

A

Denominacao de Origem Controlada/Protegida

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2
Q

What is Portugal’s PGI?

A

Vinho Regional

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3
Q

What is Vinho Verde’s climate and why?

A

Moderate maritime due to its proximity to the Atlantic and the river valleys funneling winds

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4
Q

What are Vinho Verde’s soils and its benefits?

A

1) Granitic bedrock with shallow decomposed granite topsoil.
2) Good drainage, low fertility

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5
Q

What does the climate of Vinho Verde become further inland?

A

Continental

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6
Q

What are two inland sub-zones of Vinho Verde?

A

1) Baiao
2) Moncao e Melgaco

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7
Q

What is the rainfall like in Vinho Verde?

A

High - 1,500mm

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8
Q

What are the two main viticultural hazards in Vinho Verde?

A

1) Rot
2) Mildew

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9
Q

How are humidity risks combatted in Vinho Verde? (2)

A

1) Training the vines high for air circulation
2) Green harvesting and shoot thinning

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10
Q

What is Vinho Verde’s most widely grown variety? Describe it

A

Loureiro

Predominantly towards the coast it’s mid-ripening; citrus, floral

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11
Q

What is the main quality variety of Vinho Verde and what flavours does it offer?

A

Alvarinho - citrus to tropical

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12
Q

What is the black variety of Vinho Verde? Describe it

A

1) Vinhao (Sousao)
2) Deep colour, high acid, cherry

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13
Q

Describe typical Vinho Verde winemaking (4)

A

1) Protective
2) CO2 added at bottling
3) Cool fermentation
4) Small r/s possible

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14
Q

More premium Vinho Verde might see what three winemaking techniques?

A

1) Oak
2) Lees
3) Ambient yeasts

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15
Q

What is the premium sub-zone of Vinho Verde

A

Moncao e Melgaco

The only sub-zone permitted to name Alvarinho as a single varietal on the label and still be classed Vinho Verde

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16
Q

What is the main business size in Vinho Verde?

A

Less than 1ha on average meaning co-ops and large merchants make most of the wine

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17
Q

Name a significant Vinho Verde producer

A

Anselmo Mendes

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18
Q

What are the Douro’s three sub-regions?

A

1) Douro Superior - upper (east)
2) Cima Corgo - centre
3) Baixo Corgo - west

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19
Q

What mountain range shields Douro from the Atlantic?

A

Serra do Marao

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20
Q

What’s Douro’s climate?

A

Warm continental

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21
Q

What is unusual about Douro’s soil?

A

The schist splits vertically allowing for root penetration

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22
Q

What are the six key black varieties in Douro?

A

1) Touriga Franca
2) Touriga Nacional
3) Tinta Roriz
4) Tinta Barroca
5) Tinta Cao
6) Sousao

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23
Q

What are the four key white varieties in Douro?

A

1) Viosinto
2) Rabigato
3) Gouveio
4) Moscatel Galego Branco

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24
Q

Are Douro reds destemmed? Why?

A

1) Yes
2) Tannic varieties used don’t need stem tannin

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25
Q

Name a significant Douro producer

A

Prats and Symington

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26
Q

What is a benefit of fermentin in lagares?

A

Easier to monitor the level of extraction than in a closed tank

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27
Q

Why might Douro red fermentation temperatures be unusual?

A

24-28 - low; allows for tannin extraction control

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28
Q

What is Dao’s climate and why?

A

1) Mediterranean
2) Surrounded by mountains giving protection from cool maritime in the west and arid in the east

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29
Q

Describe Dao’s rainfall? (2)

A

1) Relatively high (1,100 - 1,600mm)
2) Falls mostly during autumn and winter

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30
Q

What is thought to bring a signature note to Dao’s wine?

A

Pine and eucalyptus forests

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31
Q

What is Dao’s elevation?

A

400-500m but as low as 200m and as high as 900m

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32
Q

Describe Dao’s soils

A

Granite low in organic matter so free draining

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33
Q

Why is water stress an issue despite Dao’s high rainfall?

A

The free-draining soils

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34
Q

Besides water stress what are two other weather hazards in Dao?

A

1) Summer hail
2) Spring frost on the lower lying vineyards

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35
Q

What are Dao’s four main black varieties?

A

1) Jaen (Mencia)
2) Touriga Nacional
3) Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
4) Alfrocheiro

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36
Q

How do Dao red wines compare with Douro?

A

Less full-bodied and intense with fresher fruit and high acidity

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37
Q

What is Dao’s key white variety?

A

Encruzado - medium acid; can be full-bodied; lemon, peach, floral

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38
Q

What’s Dao’s producer model?

A

30,000 small (0.5ha) vineyard holdings

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39
Q

What is the climate of Bairrada?

A

Maritime due to the proximity to the coast

40
Q

What is Bairrada’s main black variety?

A

Baga

41
Q

Describe Baga (3)

A

1) High acid/tannin
2) Medium body
3) Red fruit (cranberry, cherry, plum)

42
Q

When does Baga ripen? Why could this be problematic?

A

1) Late
2) The region’s high rainfall in autumn can be a problem

43
Q

Describe Bairrada’s best soils for Baga

A

Limestone - free-draining, low nutrient, light reflecting

44
Q

What four other local varieties are permitted in Bairrada? Three are found in Dao

A

1) Touriga Nacional
2) Jaen
3) Alfrocheiro
4) Camarate

45
Q

What two international varieties can be found in Bairrada? Why?

A

1) Cabernet Sauvignoon
2) Merlot
3) To soften the tannin profile and bring body

46
Q

Describe a typical Bairrada vineyard planted to Baga (3)

A

1) South facing
2) Limestone-clay
3) Protected from cool north winds by pine/eucalyptus forests

47
Q

What are four key white varieties of Bairrada?

A

1) Maria Gomes (most planted white in Portugal)
2) Bical
3) Arinto
4) Cercial

48
Q

Why is Maria Gomes favourable in Bairrada? (2)

A

1) It ripens early (damp climate)
2) Yields high

49
Q

What international white varieties are found in Bairrada?

A

1) Sauvignon Blanc
2) Chardonnay

50
Q

What is Bairrada’s best sub-region for premium wine and why?

A

1) Cantanhede
2) Limestone opposed to sand found elsewhere

51
Q

Bairrada Baga was traditionally known for what key feature? Why?

A

Tannin and ageability due to fermentation on stems

52
Q

Where is Alentejo?

A

South-east Portugal along the border with Spain in the east and the Algarve mountains in the south

53
Q

What is Alentejo’s Vinho Regional and what is it used for?

A

1) Alentejano
2) International varieties

54
Q

Why is replacement cane falling from favour in Alentejo?

A

Skilled labour is needed and this is a sparsely populated region

55
Q

Name and describe one of Alentejo’s eight sub-regions

A

1) Portalegre
2) Northern + 800masl = cooler

56
Q

What are the four key black varieties in Alentejo?

A

1) Aragonez (Tinta Roriz/Tempranillo)
2) Alicante Bouschet
3) Trincadeira
4) Touriga Nacional

57
Q

What is Alentejo’s most common international black variety?

A

Syrah

58
Q

What are the three key white varieties of Alentejo?

A

1) Roupeiro
2) Arinto
3) Antao Vaz

59
Q

Why is Roupeiro suitable in Alentejo?

A

Retains acidity in the hot climate

60
Q

Why is Antao Vaz suitable in Alentejo?

A

Drought tolerant

61
Q

Why is Alentejo suited to volume production? (3)

A

1) High sunshine
2) Dry summers
3) Flat and expansive

62
Q

Where are Alentejo’s wines commonly sold?

A

Domestic - to Lisbon tourists (more Alentejo wine sold in Portugal than any other region’s)

63
Q

What separates Lisboa’s growing regions? What effect does it have?

A

1) The Serra de Montejunto mountain range
2) Offers protection from the Atlantic to the vineyards in the east

64
Q

What are Lisboa’s two best known DOCs?

A

1) Alenquer
2) Bucelas

65
Q

What two black varieties are common in Alenquer?

A

1) Touriga Nacional
2) Aragones (Tempranillo)

66
Q

What variety is common in Bucelas?

A

Arinto

67
Q

What makes the Colares DOC in Lisboa of interest? (3)

A

1) It is cool, and foggy
2) Phylloxera-free sandy soils
3) Ungrafted bush vines

68
Q

Why is Lisboa Vinho Regional often preferred by producers? (2)

A

1) More flexible regulations
2) Lisboa as a name offers more recognition than smaller DOCs

69
Q

Name is the main red wine DOC of Peninsula de Setubel

A

Palmela

70
Q

Palmela must be what per cent of what variety?

A

67% Castelao

71
Q

What are the two distinct areas of Peninsula de Setubal

A

1) Mountains in the west - cool; clay and limestone
2) Eastern - flat, sandy with clay and schist

72
Q

What vineyard area is best for Castelau?

A

Warm sandy plains

73
Q

What is the main white variety in Setubal DOC?

A

Fernao Pires/Maria Gomes

74
Q

What are the three main areas of Tejo?

A

1) North
2) River
3) South

75
Q

Describe the north of Tejo (2)

A

1) Higher rainfall
2) Clay-limestone and schist

76
Q

What is the general wine style of Tejo?

A

High volume of local and international varieties of good quality for early consumption

77
Q

What are the three types of vineyard layout in place in the Douro?

A

1) Socalcos.
2) Patamares.
3) Vinha ao Alto.

78
Q

Describe the Douro Socalcos vineyard layout (2).

A

1) Narrow terraces supported by walls of dry rock.
2) Typically unsuitable for mechanisation.

79
Q

Describe the Douro Patamares vineyard layout.

A

Terraces supported by a steep earth ramp

80
Q

What are the two main advantages of Vinha ao Alto in Douro?

A

1) Least expensive to plant and maintain.
2) Allows high-density planting (~5,000 VPH).

81
Q

How are Douro vines a) trained and b) trellised?

A

1) Cordon-trained and spur-pruned or head-trained and cane-pruned.
2) VSP to promote sun exposure and permit mechanisation.

82
Q

What is the vineyard layout of Vinha ao Alto in Douro?

A

Vines are planted in vertical rows up the slopes.

83
Q

What are the four key characteristics of the Touriga Nacional grape?

A

1) Mid-ripenng.
2) Thick-skinned.
3) Can suffer from excessive vigour.
4) Susceptible to coulure.

84
Q

What does Tourica Nacional contribute to a wine (4)?

A

1) Deep colour.
2) High tannins.
3) Black fruit and floral aromas.
4) Long ageing potential.

85
Q

Portugal’s wine region’s are broadly Mediterranean except for which three? What climate type are they?

A

1) Vinho Verde - maritime
2) Bairrada - maritime
3) Douro - continental

86
Q

What are the eight main growing regions of Portugal?

A

1) Vinho Verde
2) Douro
3) Dao
4) Bairrada
5) Alentejo
6) Tejo
7) Lisboa
8) Peninsula de Setubal

87
Q

Describe the river area of Tejo

A

Fertile alluvial; best for whites

88
Q

Describe the south of Tejo

A

Hot, dry; sandy soils

89
Q

Touriga Nacional is common in all regions except which one two ? (According to the book?)

A

1) Vinho Verde
2) Peninsula de Setubal

90
Q

Tempranillo is common in all regions except which three? (According to the book?)

A

1) Peninsula de Setubal
2) Bairrada
3) Vinho Verde

91
Q

Alfrocheiro and Jaen are found in which two regions?

A

1) Bairrada
2) Dao

92
Q

What white variety can be found in most of Portugal’s regions except Douro and Dao (according to the textbook)

A

Arinto

93
Q

Granite is common in which two regions?

A

1) Vinho Verde
2) Dao

94
Q

Limestone can be found in which three regions?

A

1) Bairrada
2) Tejo (north)
3) Setubal (west)

95
Q

What is the primary soil of Douro?

A

Schist

WSET Diploma D3 - Wines of the World (42 decks)

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