6. Neoplasia

Question 1

carcinogen

Answer 1

a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue

Question 2

angiogenesis

Answer 2

development of new blood vessels

Question 3

metastases

Answer 3

the development of a secondary malignant growth that is away from the primary site of cancer

Question 4

ectopic hormone production

Answer 4

a hormone that is produced outsides its normal endocrine site of production

Question 5

paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 5

cancer is present in the body but not due to cancer cells. usually due to hormones/cytokines.

Question 6

cachexia

Answer 6

weakness or wasting of the body due to a severe chronic illness

Question 7

neoplasia

Answer 7

the process of benign or malignant tumour growth

Question 8

the two theories of how tumours develop: monoclonal

Answer 8

tumour arises from a mutation in one single cell

Question 9

the two theories of how tumours develop: polyclonal

Answer 9

tumours arise from multiple cells

Question 10

pro-carcinogens: UV radiation

Answer 10

skin cancer

Question 11

pro-carcinogens: BRCA gene

Answer 11

breast cancer

Question 12

pro-carcinogens: HIV infection

Answer 12

karposi sarcoma

Question 13

pro-carcinogens: aflatoxin B1

Answer 13

liver cancer

Question 14

pro-carcinogens: X-radiation

Answer 14

skin/lung/bone cancer

Question 15

pro-carcinogens: HPV infection

Answer 15

cervical cancer

Question 16

pro-carcinogens: asbestos

Answer 16

lung cancer and mesothelioma

Question 17

pro-carcinogens: nitrosamines

Answer 17

liver tumours and lung cancer

Question 18

skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma

Answer 18

in the basal cells of epidermis (dividing cells) - cannot metastasize (75%)

Question 19

skin cancer: squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 19

they have the ability to metastasize (15%)

Question 20

skin cancer: melanoma

Answer 20

aggressive, develops from melanocytes, not always found in areas exposed to sunlight

Question 21

other factors that influence tumour growth (5)

Answer 21

1. geneitcs
2. dietary
3. immunosuppresion (excessive proliferation of damaged cells/dna)
4. repeated injury
5. age

Question 22

cachexia

Answer 22

overall wasting of the body due to loss of body fat and lean muscle

Question 23

complications of tumours (6)

Answer 23

infection, bleeding, anaemia, chemotherapy, radiation, hyperplasia

Question 24

tumour grading (gleason’s pattern)

Answer 24

there are five grades - the higher the grade, the more undifferentiated and dangerous the tumour cells