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PAT exam > 2. Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

2. Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the signs of inflammation? (5)

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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2
Q

pathogenesis of a inflammatory response

A
  1. change in blood flow (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
  2. increased permeability of capillaries/venules
  3. white cell events (emigration/migration –chemotaxis)
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3
Q

neutrophils

A

involved in acute inflammatory response, usually following bacterial infection

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4
Q

band cells

A

immature neutrophils

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5
Q

eosinophils

A

involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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6
Q

basophils

A

involved in immune, parasitic and allergic reactions, they recruit helper T cells

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7
Q

mast cells

A

involved in allergic reactions, releasing histamines and prostaglandins and cause immediate inflammation

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8
Q

lymphocytes (what type of inflammation is it involved in?)

A

chronic inflammation

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9
Q

types of macrophages: monocytes

A

immature macrophages

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10
Q

types of macrophages: kuppfer cells

A

liver macrophages

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11
Q

types of macrophages: histiocytes

A

connective tissue under skin

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12
Q

types of macrophages: microglial cells

A

brain macrophages

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13
Q

types of macrophages: osteoclasts

A

bone macrophages

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14
Q

giant cells

A

fusion of macrophages, chronic inflammation only

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15
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells, generally found at entry points

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16
Q

transudate

A

exudate, but less protein, cell and/or dead cell material content

17
Q

exudate

A

a mass of fluid and cells that have seeped out of blood vessels (due to increased capillary permeability)

18
Q

serous exudate

A

very little protein, watery

19
Q

fibrinous eudate

A

fibrin leaks from capillaries as well, only occurs with greater injury when greater capillary permeability occurs

20
Q

suppurative/purulent exudate

A

pus, contains masses of neutrophils, bacteria, dead tissue and fluid. if encased it is an abscess

21
Q

exudate removal process

A

transudate - moves back into vessel

exudate - removed by the lymphatic system

22
Q

swelling of lymph nodes

A

hyperplasia of lymphocytes in presence of a pathogen

23
Q

bradykinin

A

vasodilation of blood vessels, constriction of non-vascular smooth muscle, pain

24
Q

complement factors

A

lead to inflammation in response to antigen-antibody binding

25
Q

C3a

A

increased permeability, also acts as opsonin for phagocytosis

26
Q

C5a

A

chemotaxis

27
Q

C5b-C9

A

MAC (membrane attack complex)

28
Q

histamine

A

immediate vasodilation and increased permeability

29
Q

prostaglandin E2 & its inhibition

A

vasodilation and inhibition of platelet activity (inhibited by aspirin and corticosteroids)

30
Q

thromboxane A2

A

induces platelet aggregation and arterial constriction

31
Q

prostacyclin

A

vasodilation and inhibition of platelet activity

32
Q

leukotrienes & its inhibition

A

powerful inflammatory mediator (inhibited by corticosteroids)

33
Q

benefits and harms of vasoconstriction

A

benefit: bacteria can’t spread to other areas
harm: prolonged can lead to ischaemia/gangrene

34
Q

benefits and harms of vasodilation

A

benefit: increased blood flow, WBC and nutrient delivery
harm: if widespread, can reduce BP

35
Q

benefits and harms of increased permeability

A

benefit: movement from blood vessel to injured tissue
harm: can severely reduce O2 exchange with fluid accumulation in lungs

36
Q

benefits and harms of WBC activity

A

benefit: decreased risk of infection and increased rate of healing
harm: rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, emphysema

37
Q

benefits and harms of exudates

A

benefit: wound healing
harm: fibrinous especially - can cause adhesions, difficulty breathing, GIT movement affected etc

38
Q

benefits and harms of lymphatic drainage

A

benefit: removes excess fluids, cells, proteins
harm: lymphangitis

PAT exam (21 decks)

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