2. Acute Inflammation

Question 1

what are the signs of inflammation? (5)

Answer 1

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Question 2

pathogenesis of a inflammatory response

Answer 2

1. change in blood flow (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
2. increased permeability of capillaries/venules
3. white cell events (emigration/migration –chemotaxis)

Question 3

neutrophils

Answer 3

involved in acute inflammatory response, usually following bacterial infection

Question 4

band cells

Answer 4

immature neutrophils

Question 5

eosinophils

Answer 5

involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 6

basophils

Answer 6

involved in immune, parasitic and allergic reactions, they recruit helper T cells

Question 7

mast cells

Answer 7

involved in allergic reactions, releasing histamines and prostaglandins and cause immediate inflammation

Question 8

lymphocytes (what type of inflammation is it involved in?)

Answer 8

chronic inflammation

Question 9

types of macrophages: monocytes

Answer 9

immature macrophages

Question 10

types of macrophages: kuppfer cells

Answer 10

liver macrophages

Question 11

types of macrophages: histiocytes

Answer 11

connective tissue under skin

Question 12

types of macrophages: microglial cells

Answer 12

brain macrophages

Question 13

types of macrophages: osteoclasts

Answer 13

bone macrophages

Question 14

giant cells

Answer 14

fusion of macrophages, chronic inflammation only

Question 15

dendritic cells

Answer 15

antigen presenting cells, generally found at entry points

Question 16

transudate

Answer 16

exudate, but less protein, cell and/or dead cell material content

Question 17

exudate

Answer 17

a mass of fluid and cells that have seeped out of blood vessels (due to increased capillary permeability)

Question 18

serous exudate

Answer 18

very little protein, watery

Question 19

fibrinous eudate

Answer 19

fibrin leaks from capillaries as well, only occurs with greater injury when greater capillary permeability occurs

Question 20

suppurative/purulent exudate

Answer 20

pus, contains masses of neutrophils, bacteria, dead tissue and fluid. if encased it is an abscess

Question 21

exudate removal process

Answer 21

transudate - moves back into vessel

exudate - removed by the lymphatic system

Question 22

swelling of lymph nodes

Answer 22

hyperplasia of lymphocytes in presence of a pathogen

Question 23

bradykinin

Answer 23

vasodilation of blood vessels, constriction of non-vascular smooth muscle, pain

Question 24

complement factors

Answer 24

lead to inflammation in response to antigen-antibody binding

Question 25

C3a

Answer 25

increased permeability, also acts as opsonin for phagocytosis

Question 26

C5a

Answer 26

chemotaxis

Question 27

C5b-C9

Answer 27

MAC (membrane attack complex)

Question 28

histamine

Answer 28

immediate vasodilation and increased permeability

Question 29

prostaglandin E2 & its inhibition

Answer 29

vasodilation and inhibition of platelet activity (inhibited by aspirin and corticosteroids)

Question 30

thromboxane A2

Answer 30

induces platelet aggregation and arterial constriction

Question 31

prostacyclin

Answer 31

vasodilation and inhibition of platelet activity

Question 32

leukotrienes & its inhibition

Answer 32

powerful inflammatory mediator (inhibited by corticosteroids)

Question 33

benefits and harms of vasoconstriction

Answer 33

benefit: bacteria can't spread to other areas harm: prolonged can lead to ischaemia/gangrene

Question 34

benefits and harms of vasodilation

Answer 34

benefit: increased blood flow, WBC and nutrient delivery harm: if widespread, can reduce BP

Question 35

benefits and harms of increased permeability

Answer 35

benefit: movement from blood vessel to injured tissue harm: can severely reduce O2 exchange with fluid accumulation in lungs

Question 36

benefits and harms of WBC activity

Answer 36

benefit: decreased risk of infection and increased rate of healing harm: rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, emphysema

Question 37

benefits and harms of exudates

Answer 37

benefit: wound healing harm: fibrinous especially - can cause adhesions, difficulty breathing, GIT movement affected etc

Question 38

benefits and harms of lymphatic drainage

Answer 38

benefit: removes excess fluids, cells, proteins harm: lymphangitis