13. Renal disease

Question 1

ascites

Answer 1

accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Question 2

oesophageal varices

Answer 2

venous varices in the oesophagus

Question 3

hypersplenism

Answer 3

the spleen rapidly and prematurely destroys RBCs

Question 4

pancytopaenia

Answer 4

reduction in formed elements in the blood

Question 5

gynecomastia

Answer 5

growth in adipose and glandular tissue in male breasts

Question 6

glomerulonephritis

Answer 6

inflammatory disease of the glomeruli in the kidneys

Question 7

glomerulosclerosis

Answer 7

fibrosis and scarring –> deterioration with age in glomeruli. abnormal hardening of tissue

Question 8

pyelonephritis

Answer 8

inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney

Question 9

cystitis

Answer 9

infalmation of hte urinary bladder

Question 10

fhabdomyolysis

Answer 10

disintegration, breakdwon of the striated muscle fibers. excretes myoglobin in the urine

Question 11

uraemia

Answer 11

excess urea in the blood

Question 12

renal hyper tension

Answer 12

high BP due to renal disease (dat whole angiotensin shit)

Question 13

aetiology of pyelonephritis (11)

Answer 13

1. blockage of urinary tract
2. scarring
3. stones
4. tumours
5. large prostate
6. oliguria
7. anuria
8. surgery
9. catheter
10. immune depression

Question 14

complications of obstruction

Answer 14

stasis of urine flow –> UTIs, stone formation, atrophy of kidneys, HT, renal failure

Question 15

complications of renal failure (8)

Answer 15

1. decreased removal of urea
2. potassium retention/hyperkalaemia
3. metabolic acidosis
4. uraemic encephalopathy
5. loss of blood flow through kidney, leading to release of renin, activation of angiotensin, increased BP
6. fluid retention, heart failure
7. aenaemia
8. risk of infections