1. Introduction

Question 1

Aetiology

Answer 1

Cause of a disease

Question 2

Iatrogenic

Answer 2

an illness relating to the cause of medical intervention

Question 3

idiopathic

Answer 3

unknown cause

Question 4

familial disease

Answer 4

a genetic disorder that is passed down from the genome of the parents or as a mutation. can be congenital.

Question 5

necrosis

Answer 5

the death of cells that are related to an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of blood supply

Question 6

hypertrophy

Answer 6

an enlargement of an organ or tissue due to the increased size of its cells

Question 7

atrophy

Answer 7

decrease in the size of a tissue/organ due to the decrease in the number/size of the cells

Question 8

hyperplasia

Answer 8

increase in the size of the tissue/organ due to the increase number of cells

Question 9

multifactorial disease

Answer 9

multiple factors contribute to the disease

Question 10

genetic

Answer 10

manifests because of mutation, regardless of environmental influences

Question 11

acquired diseases

Answer 11

caused by environmental factors

Question 12

congenital

Answer 12

present at birth

Question 13

nosocomial

Answer 13

acquired in a hospital setting

Question 14

pathogenesis

Answer 14

development of a disease

Question 15

complications

Answer 15

how the disease affects the body

Question 16

morphology

Answer 16

what does the tissue look like

Question 17

types of morphology (3)

Answer 17

1. gross morphology - visible to the naked eye
2. histopathology - cells and tissues
3. ultrastructure - subcellular structures

Question 18

metaplasia

Answer 18

a change of one type of cell for another

Question 19

apoptosis

Answer 19

programmed cell death

Question 20

types of necrosis (6)

Answer 20

1. coagulative
2. liquefactive
3. caseous
4. gangrenous
5. fat
6. fibronoid

Question 21

coagulative necrosis

Answer 21

common in tissues after ichaemic injury

Question 22

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 22

tissue is broken down into a liquid mass, usually caused by WBCs (usually occurs in the brain)

Question 23

caseous necrosis

Answer 23

“cheese like”, found mostly in TB

Question 24

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 24

type of coagulative necrosis, usually seen in the lower limb/bowel following a loss of blood supply

Question 25

fat necrosis

Answer 25

necrosis of fat caused by trauma or enzymatic destruction of fat cells

Question 26

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 26

usually seen in immune reactions in blood vessel walls, it is an accumulation of antibodies, antigens and fibrin

Question 27

types of tissue calcification (5)

Answer 27

1. dystrophic calcification (dead tissue)
2. metastatic calcification (normal tissue caused by hypercalcaemia)
3. calcinosis
4. chondrocalcinosis
5. synovial chondromatosis

Question 28

deficiency or disease related to VITAMIN C

Answer 28

scurvy

Question 29

deficiency or disease related to VITAMIN D

Answer 29

rickets (osteomalacia)

Question 30

deficiency or disease related to IODINE

Answer 30

hyperthyroidism

Question 31

deficiency or disease related to IRON

Answer 31

anaemia