6 - adrenal glands

Question 1

where are the adreanal glands

Answer 1

ontop of teh kidneys

Question 2

what are teh parts of teh adreanl gand

Answer 2

adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex

Question 3

what does the adrenal medulla release

Answer 3

catecholamines - epinephrine and norepineprhine and dopamine

Question 4

what does teh adrenal cortex realease

Answer 4

mineralocorticoids - aldrosterone
glucocortiocs - cortiosl
sex steroids - testosterone

Question 5

what is teh role of aldosterone

Answer 5

regulation of na and k

Question 6

what is teh role of glucocortiocids

Answer 6

mainstains plama glucose

Question 7

which part of te adranl gand is in the centre and whihc is in the the peripary

Answer 7

centre - adreal medsulla
periply - cortex

Question 8

what is the arrange of teh cortex form centre out

Answer 8

zona reticular - sex horems
zona fasicula - glucocortoids
zona glomerulosa - aldosterone

Question 9

where are all steroids dirived from

Answer 9

cortisol

Question 10

what enzyem turn cholester to cortisol and aldosteron

Answer 10

21- hyroxlase

Question 11

what enzyme turns cholestol to sex steroids

Answer 11

aromatase

Question 12

what is the precusou to aldrosteon

Answer 12

corticosterone

Question 13

what does dhea go to form

Answer 13

sex steroids

Question 14

effect of defeect in 21 hydroxlase

Answer 14

defeciny in aldosterone and cortisol and salt and glucose

Question 15

why does a defect in 21 hydrolase cause adrenal hyperlasi

Answer 15

inhits symtesi of colicol , removing negative feedback on acth and crc relse, this increase achth section increas adranl galnds

Question 16

what is reols for negative feed back of adrneal corex

Answer 16

cortisol realsa, acting on acth and crh

Question 17

where is crh realse fthm

Answer 17

hypothalum

Question 18

where is acth realse from

Answer 18

pitutatry

Question 19

effect of cortisol

Answer 19

influes glucose metabols as it is a glucocotial hormone
it alters gene expresssion, transcripon and translation
has secondary mesenegy sysetm repson to creater rapid cellualr repsoes

Question 20

is corisol carrier bound

Answer 20

yes - most of it only unbound can elicit a respone

Question 21

when is cortisol highest

Answer 21

during points of stress, ie duirng firts thing in the moing, it is circadium

Question 22

use of cortisol in vrian

Answer 22

prevnts hypoglycemai

Question 23

role of cortison on glucose metabolims

Answer 23

gluconeogiensis - through liver
proteolysis - thouhg break down of mucle portoiesn to provide gluconeogie substrates for the liver
lipolysis - in adibe tissue increase ffa
decres insuin sensisty in mucles and adipose tissues

Question 24

non glucocorito efect of ccortisol

Answer 24

effects ca balance, due to decreaseab absoion form gut and inceaes kidney ca+ loss and bone reapsbipon
imparents of mood and cogintion - linked to depression
premissive effect of norepineprhien in vasuclar smooth muscle,
suppresion of immune sysnte though destroym lympoctes

Question 25

what is issue with withdrawing glucocoriti tramtin

Answer 25

due to additonal therapic corial enches ngeitve fadiahc when withdra could have no fuciotn corisal thus resuting in negative effects

Question 26

function of aldosterone

Answer 26

it works on the kidneys to determine the level of mineral that need to re absorbed and excreted form the kidneys
it increase reabso of an ion and excretion of k+ form th ebody

Question 27

what pathwya cuaes aldosterone secterion form adrnal corte

Answer 27

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 28

effect of aldosteron on cvs

Answer 28

increase in aldoese stimulases na and h20 retion and k+ delpton, this increase blood pressure
decreased aldosteron leads to an and h20 loss and increase k+ meang that there is decreased blood perssure

Question 29

what is a disorder of hypersecrtino of cortisol

Answer 29

cushing

Question 30

difference betwen cusing disease and syndrome

Answer 30

cusing syndoem is primary due to ecess section form adranl cortex
cushings disease is secnosdary due to hyper section from pituitary gland

Question 31

symptons of cusching

Answer 31

deposit fo fat in abon places inlcuing on back of neck
wasting of the extremes
increa fat around bloto of trunk
moon face

Question 32

what is teh disorder of hyposection of cortisol

Answer 32

addisons

Question 33

what is addison diseawe

Answer 33

hypo sectio of all adrenal steroids, due to auto immune destruciton of the of adrenal cortex

Question 34

symptons of addison

Answer 34

hypotens due to loss of corticol effect and loss of an retention
hyperpignmetns due to stimulator fo melano cyes

Question 35

when are crh and acth relased and how to inraes there relaes

Answer 35

due to stress
alchol, caffine and lack of sleep , due to them cuaign negative feed back on hypothalamic pituralr adrena axis, thus cuaign more lerales

Question 36

downside of increae cortios

Answer 36

it turns down the immune system, making it more likely to be vunvelrabel to infection

Question 37

how does the adranl meddudl reales hormoen

Answer 37

directly into the blood

Question 38

what is exces adrenal medulla relaes

Answer 38

phenochromocytoma

Question 39

effect of phyemocrhomocytom

Answer 39

excess catecholamines , thus relauign in increase in hr, co and blood pressure
it is also idabetoic due to change in glucose memtnaolim

Question 40

cause of phenochyojmacytom

Answer 40

neuroendocine tumor in teh adreanl meddula

Question 41

what caues relawes in adreanl meddual

Answer 41

preganglinc sympic fibers