3 - Control of Metabolism and biochemistry (part 1)

Question 1

what is teh energy balance equation

Answer 1

energy of body = energy intake - energy output

Question 2

what is teh feedin centre

Answer 2

an area of the body that promoes feeling of hunger and the drive to eat

Question 3

what is the satitey centre

Answer 3

area of body that promotes fullness and suppprese the feeding cenrue

Question 4

waht is the satitery controled by

Answer 4

insulin

Question 5

what is glucostatic theory

Answer 5

food intake is determined by the blood glucose, higher blood gluoce lower drive to eat

Question 6

what is the lipo static theroy

Answer 6

Food intake is determined by fat stores

Question 7

what is leptin

Answer 7

a peptide hromone released by fat stores which depresses feeding activity

Question 8

what ar ethe energy outputs

Answer 8

celluarlar wrok
mechanical work
heat loss - about 50 % of energy output

Question 9

what is metabolism

Answer 9

intergration of all the biocehmical processes within the body

Question 10

3 elements of metabolims

Answer 10

utilising that energy for work
extracting energy from nutrients in food
storing erngyer

Question 11

what is anabolic pathways

Answer 11

build up of food molcues

Question 12

what is catolboic patheya

Answer 12

break down of food moclues

Question 13

what is the absorbative state

Answer 13

ingested nutrietn supply the energy needs of the body and excess is stored

Question 14

what is the post absobative state

Answer 14

fasted state where nutirein in plasma decrease

Question 15

is post absoibatie catabolic or anabolic

Answer 15

catabolic

Question 16

is a bsobvative anabolic or catabolic

Answer 16

anabolic

Question 17

what is the meaning of an obligatory glucose utiliser

Answer 17

needs gluco9es to servive as it is it only source of energy

Question 18

examples of obligator glucose utiliser

Answer 18

brain - can oly use glucose, apart from ketones in extreme circumstances

Question 19

how is glucose maide

Answer 19

from glycogen
amio acids

Question 20

normal range for blood clouse

Answer 20

4.2 - 6.3 mM
5 is normal

Question 21

what range is hypoglycemai

Answer 21

bg<3mM

Question 22

whihc ways can diabets effect insulin

Answer 22

loss of lipogensis - build up of fats
loss of metaboolism into thsiiedsu
loss of glycogeneisn, leading to loss of glycogen stores

Question 23

what makes up fats

Answer 23

free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 24

what ahppens to excess clgouse

Answer 24

turns to fats

Question 25

what is the prcoess of prote turning into clouse

Answer 25

break down to amiont acids then amion acids turned to gloucse though gluconegoensis

Question 26

what thype of ells in teh pancreawse are endocrine

Answer 26

islets of langerhans

Question 27

alpha cells

Answer 27

produced glucagon

Question 28

beta cells

Answer 28

produced insulin

Question 29

gamma cells

Answer 29

produced somatostatin

Question 30

f cells

Answer 30

produced pancreatic polypeptide

Question 31

what does insul cause at a celluallr level

Answer 31

uptake of suguars into cells, this cuase glucose oxidation, glycogen synthesis, fat synehtis, protein synethis

Question 32

what is the reuslt of clucaogn

Answer 32

incrurea producito of glucose in the liver and then it enter the blood stream

Question 33

what is the insulin precuares

Answer 33

proinsulin

Question 34

what is proinsulin made up of

Answer 34

insulin ( 2 molecules) c peptide

Question 35

when does pro insulin sectrieio occur

Answer 35

when b cells are activated

Question 36

useuflnes of c peptides

Answer 36

it cna be used to show fucntio of pancrawse for those taking insulin suppleemets

Question 37

what hormones lower bg

Answer 37

only insulin

Question 38

how is exces glucose sotroend

Answer 38

glycoen in liver and mucles, and trigalycies in liver and adipose tissues

Question 39

main energy source during absobative state

Answer 39

gloucse

Question 40

how does abundenet glucose ente the cel

Answer 40

glut 2 transpoerter

Question 41

effect of increase glcuose in cell

Answer 41

increase atp, leading to the potaium channel closing, this o;pens the ca channel , this then triggers the ca 2+ signally and realse insulin into the ciruclation

Question 42

effect on beta cell of lower bg

Answer 42

atp low, so ka open, thius les effect on ca channels

Question 43

what recepotr does insulin bind to

Answer 43

tyrosine kinase recepotors glut 4

Question 44

how does the glut 4 trnapon work

Answer 44

when inuliin bindsm, it moves to the edge of the cell though exocytosis, this allows things glcuoses to go through into the cells

Question 45

what is teh glut 1 and glut 3 cellfucntion

Answer 45

1 - basla glucose, uptake into the tissues, brain kideya and rbc

Question 46

what is teh funcito fo glut 2 cell

Answer 46

b cell of prancrea dn liver

Question 47

how does teh liver take up gloucse

Answer 47

though glut 2 transporters

Question 48

effect of insulin on liver

Answer 48

binds to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reaction caues a hexocine molcues to lower glucose by causing glucose to turn into glucose 6 phosopahe and cuaing atp to turninto adp, this keep sinlusing lowe ing the cell driving more in

Question 49

effect of low insulin on liver

Answer 49

glucose leavs the cell though glut 2 transporter due to lower glucose out side the cel

Question 50

effect of insulin of glycogen phsopghase

Answer 50

inhibits it meaning that glygcogen is not broken down, hleping to lower bg levels

Question 51

effect of insulin onf glycogen sysnthesi

Answer 51

increase it mucles and lvier, menaing glucose is turned to glycogen, through glycoen synthase

Question 52

effect of inuslin on amino acids

Answer 52

increase uptake in muclce cauing protein syntehis

Question 53

effect of insulin on protein synthiss proteeylssy

Answer 53

increase protein syntn and decrease protein brakinod (proeolysis)

Question 54

effect of insulion on triglycolal synstehsi

Answer 54

increasea it in adipocyte and liver

Question 55

effect of gluconueogies in liver

Answer 55

inhibits it

Question 56

effect of insulin on growth homoen

Answer 56

if non existis it means growth hormeon is less effective

Question 57

effect of insulin on na / ka aptapse

Answer 57

stimulats it cauing ka into cells

Question 58

what inhibis insulin

Answer 58

low bg stomatostain a2/ sympathetic stress

Question 59

what incues insulin

Answer 59

vagaus nerve amino acis bg glucaon gastrin, secreitn a, ckk, glp1 and gip due to them being rwlaed by ileum and jejumin in response to nutireants

Question 60

why is iv gluocse less effectse than oral glouce atstiumalting insulin

Answer 60

due to iv glucose not activign vagal nerve

Question 61

insulin half life

Answer 61

5 min