3 - Control of Metabolism and biochemistry (part 1) Flashcards
what is teh energy balance equation
energy of body = energy intake - energy output
what is teh feedin centre
an area of the body that promoes feeling of hunger and the drive to eat
what is the satitey centre
area of body that promotes fullness and suppprese the feeding cenrue
waht is the satitery controled by
insulin
what is glucostatic theory
food intake is determined by the blood glucose, higher blood gluoce lower drive to eat
what is the lipo static theroy
Food intake is determined by fat stores
what is leptin
a peptide hromone released by fat stores which depresses feeding activity
what ar ethe energy outputs
celluarlar wrok
mechanical work
heat loss - about 50 % of energy output
what is metabolism
intergration of all the biocehmical processes within the body
3 elements of metabolims
utilising that energy for work
extracting energy from nutrients in food
storing erngyer
what is anabolic pathways
build up of food molcues
what is catolboic patheya
break down of food moclues
what is the absorbative state
ingested nutrietn supply the energy needs of the body and excess is stored
what is the post absobative state
fasted state where nutirein in plasma decrease
is post absoibatie catabolic or anabolic
catabolic
is a bsobvative anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
what is the meaning of an obligatory glucose utiliser
needs gluco9es to servive as it is it only source of energy
examples of obligator glucose utiliser
brain - can oly use glucose, apart from ketones in extreme circumstances
how is glucose maide
from glycogen
amio acids
normal range for blood clouse
4.2 - 6.3 mM
5 is normal
what range is hypoglycemai
bg<3mM
whihc ways can diabets effect insulin
loss of lipogensis - build up of fats
loss of metaboolism into thsiiedsu
loss of glycogeneisn, leading to loss of glycogen stores
what makes up fats
free fatty acids and glycerol
what ahppens to excess clgouse
turns to fats
what is the prcoess of prote turning into clouse
break down to amiont acids then amion acids turned to gloucse though gluconegoensis
what thype of ells in teh pancreawse are endocrine
islets of langerhans
alpha cells
produced glucagon
beta cells
produced insulin
gamma cells
produced somatostatin
f cells
produced pancreatic polypeptide
what does insul cause at a celluallr level
uptake of suguars into cells, this cuase glucose oxidation, glycogen synthesis, fat synehtis, protein synethis
what is the reuslt of clucaogn
incrurea producito of glucose in the liver and then it enter the blood stream
what is the insulin precuares
proinsulin
what is proinsulin made up of
insulin ( 2 molecules)
c peptide
when does pro insulin sectrieio occur
when b cells are activated
useuflnes of c peptides
it cna be used to show fucntio of pancrawse for those taking insulin suppleemets
what hormones lower bg
only insulin
how is exces glucose sotroend
glycoen in liver and mucles, and trigalycies in liver and adipose tissues
main energy source during absobative state
gloucse
how does abundenet glucose ente the cel
glut 2 transpoerter
effect of increase glcuose in cell
increase atp, leading to the potaium channel closing, this o;pens the ca channel , this then triggers the ca 2+ signally and realse insulin into the ciruclation
effect on beta cell of lower bg
atp low, so ka open, thius les effect on ca channels
what recepotr does insulin bind to
tyrosine kinase recepotors
glut 4
how does the glut 4 trnapon work
when inuliin bindsm, it moves to the edge of the cell though exocytosis, this allows things glcuoses to go through into the cells
what is teh glut 1 and glut 3 cellfucntion
1 - basla glucose, uptake into the tissues, brain kideya and rbc
what is teh funcito fo glut 2 cell
b cell of prancrea dn liver
how does teh liver take up gloucse
though glut 2 transporters
effect of insulin on liver
binds to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reaction caues a hexocine molcues to lower glucose by causing glucose to turn into glucose 6 phosopahe and cuaing atp to turninto adp, this keep sinlusing lowe ing the cell driving more in
effect of low insulin on liver
glucose leavs the cell though glut 2 transporter due to lower glucose out side the cel
effect of insulin of glycogen phsopghase
inhibits it meaning that glygcogen is not broken down, hleping to lower bg levels
effect of insulin onf glycogen sysnthesi
increase it mucles and lvier, menaing glucose is turned to glycogen, through glycoen synthase
effect of inuslin on amino acids
increase uptake in muclce cauing protein syntehis
effect of insulin on protein synthiss proteeylssy
increase protein syntn and decrease protein brakinod (proeolysis)
effect of insulion on triglycolal synstehsi
increasea it in adipocyte and liver
effect of gluconueogies in liver
inhibits it
effect of insulin on growth homoen
if non existis it means growth hormeon is less effective
effect of insulin on na / ka aptapse
stimulats it cauing ka into cells
what inhibis insulin
low bg
stomatostain
a2/ sympathetic
stress
what incues insulin
vagaus nerve
amino acis
bg
glucaon
gastrin, secreitn a, ckk, glp1 and gip due to them being rwlaed by ileum and jejumin in response to nutireants
why is iv gluocse less effectse than oral glouce atstiumalting insulin
due to iv glucose not activign vagal nerve
insulin half life
5 min
