37 Flashcards
Role model
someone whose behaviour, attitudes etc people try to copy because they admire them
Epitome
the epitome of something
the best possible example of something
She looked the epitome of elegance.
He was the very epitome of evil.
A tainted personal life
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Pattern
1 the regular way in which something happens, develops, or is done
Weather patterns have changed in recent years.
pattern of
changing patterns of behaviour among students
The child showed a normal pattern of development.
pattern in
They noticed patterns in the data.
A general pattern began to emerge.
Their descriptions seemed to follow a set pattern (=always develop in the same way).
His behavior fits a pattern of violent acts.
2
a) a regularly repeated arrangement of shapes, colours, or lines on a surface, usually as decoration
a black and white striped pattern
pattern of
a pattern of dots
b) a regularly repeated arrangement of sounds or words
A sonnet has a fixed rhyming pattern.
3 [usually singular] a thing, idea, or person that is an example to copy
The book set the pattern for over 40 similar historical romances.
4 a shape used as a guide for making something, especially a thin piece of paper used when cutting material to make clothes
a dress pattern
5 a small piece of cloth, paper etc that shows what a larger piece will look like SYN sample
COLLOCATIONS
PHRASES
a pattern of behaviour
It’s easy to get stuck in the same old pattern of behaviour.
a pattern of development
Regular checks help to ensure that the child is following the normal pattern of development
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + PATTERN
the same/a similar pattern
Each of the murders has followed a similar pattern.
a different pattern
There are different patterns of social life in urban areas.
the basic pattern
The basic pattern of her working day rarely changed.
the general pattern
The general pattern of change has been one of upward mobility.
the normal/usual pattern
As soon as she could, she resumed the normal pattern of her life.
a set/fixed pattern (=one that does not change)
These incidents followed a set pattern.
a weather pattern
Rising global temperatures are affecting weather patterns.
a behaviour pattern
He studied animal behaviour patterns.
a sleep pattern
Disturbed sleep patterns may be a symptom of depression.
a speech pattern
Computers are now able to produce acceptable speech patterns.
a spending pattern
The bank’s computer can detect unusual spending patterns.
VERBS
a pattern emerges (=can be seen when something is studied)
Although the numbers are small, a pattern began to emerge.
follow a pattern
Her headaches did not seem to follow any particular pattern.
fit a pattern (also conform to a pattern formal) (=match a particular pattern)
Last week’s bombing fits this pattern.
establish a pattern
You should try to establish a pattern of working that suits you.
Benchmark
something that is used as a standard by which other things can be judged or measured
benchmark data
The valuation becomes a benchmark against which to judge other prices.
benchmark for
figures that are a useful benchmark for measuring the company’s performance
benchmark of
results that are used as a benchmark of success
Prototype
1 the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced
prototype of/for
a working prototype of the new car
2 someone or something that is one of the first and most typical examples of a group or situation
Sample
1 a small part or amount of something that is examined in order to find out something about the whole
sample of
I’d like to see some samples of your work.
They took a blood sample to test for hepatitis.
2 a small amount of a product that people can try in order to find out what it is like
sample of
free samples of a new shampoo
3 a small group of people who have been chosen from a larger group to give information or answers to questions
The sample consisted of 98 secondary school teachers.
Out of a random sample of drivers, 21% had been in an accident in the previous year.
a nationally representative sample of over 950 elderly persons
4 a small part of a song from a CD or record that is used in a new song
COLLOCATIONS
NOUN + SAMPLE
a blood/urine/tissue etc sample
He compared the samples with a blood sample from Mr Green.
a water/soil etc sample
They analysed soil samples collected from streams.
a DNA sample
Archaeologists are studying DNA samples from ancient Egyptian mummies.
VERBS
take/collect a sample
The study took samples from workers at four nuclear plants.
give/provide a sample
He said he had once fainted when giving a sample of blood.
analyse/test a sample
All the samples were tested for bacteria.
Lecture
1 a long talk on a particular subject that someone gives to a group of people, especially to students in a university → speech
lecture on
He regularly gives lectures on modern French literature.
► see thesaurus at speech
2 an act of criticizing someone or warning them about something in a long serious talk, in a way that they think is unfair or unnecessary
lecture on/about
My father caught me and gave me a long lecture about the dangers of drink.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
give a lecture (also deliver a lecture formal)
She gave a fascinating lecture on crime in the 1800s.
He delivered the lecture at the London School of Economics.
do a lecture informal:
He’s doing a lecture on modern poetry.
go to a lecture (also attend a lecture formal)
Have you been to any of Professor MacPherson’s lectures?
I recently attended a lecture by a noted historian.
listen to a lecture
Most students spend about a quarter of their time listening to lectures.
LECTURE + NOUN
a lecture hall/room (also a lecture theatre British English)
The lecture hall was packed.
lecture notes
Can I borrow your lecture notes?
a lecture tour (=a trip that someone takes to many different places to give a lecture)
He’s on a lecture tour of the US.
PHRASES
a series of lectures (also a course of lectures British English)
a series of lectures on the history of art
ADJECTIVES
a public lecture (=a lecture which the general public are allowed to go to)
He’s going to deliver a public lecture on politics in the Middle East.
an illustrated lecture (=a lecture with pictures such as slides)
Mrs Robinson gave a fascinating illustrated lecture on Spanish history.
Death
1
a) [uncountable] the end of the life of a person or animal
death of
The death of his mother came as a tremendous shock.
Cancer is the leading cause of death in women.
How Danielle met her death (=died) will probably never be known.
His friend was close to death.
His family are still mourning John’s tragic death.
the anniversary of Lenin’s death
bleed/burn/starve etc to death
a homeless man who froze to death
beat/stab/shoot etc somebody to death
The 76-year-old pensioner was beaten to death.
put/sentence/condemn somebody to death (=kill someone or decide they should be killed as an official punishment)
Legend has it that Sarah was put to death for practising witchcraft.
Members of the family have received death threats.
He remained president until his untimely death (=death at a surprisingly young age).
Two of the passengers managed to escape death (=avoid being killed).
b) [countable] a particular case when someone dies OPP birth
a campaign to reduce the number of traffic deaths
death from
deaths from cancer
I heard there’d been a death in the family.
2 → the death of something
3 → to death
4 → do something to death
5 → to the death
6 → Death
7 → be at death’s door
8 → look/feel like death warmed up
9 → you’ll catch your death (of cold)
10 → somebody will be the death of me
→ Black Death, the, → kiss of death, → life and death
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
cause death
We still don’t know what caused his death.
lead to/result in death
Any delay in calling an ambulance may have resulted in her death.
bleed/freeze/burn/starve to death
Thousands of people are starving to death.
stab/beat/kick somebody to death
He was stabbed to death in an attack outside his home.
sentence/condemn somebody to death (=decide someone must die as an official punishment)
Two men were sentenced to death for the killings.
be put to death (=be killed as a punishment for something you have done)
The rebels were defeated and their leaders put to death.
escape death (=avoid being killed)
He fell while climbing in the mountains, and only narrowly escaped death.
meet your death formal (=die)
He met his death tragically while on holiday in Greece.
mourn somebody’s death (=feel very sad after someone has died)
The entertainment world was last night mourning the actor’s death.
ADJECTIVES
sudden death
Her sudden death shocked the world.
tragic death
Her family are trying to come to terms with Anna’s tragic death.
early death (=at a young age)
Paul’s first marriage ended with the early death of his wife.
untimely death formal (=at a young age)
He remained president until his untimely death in 2004.
premature death technical (=earlier than people usually die)
The disease is a significant cause of premature death in the developing world.
accidental death (=caused by accident, not deliberately)
The jury returned a verdict of accidental death.
violent death (=caused by violence, especially deliberately)
There is a high rate of violent death in America.
certain death (=definitely going to happen)
Many of the prisoners faced certain death.
DEATH + NOUN
the death penalty (=the legal punishment of death)
In the west, most countries have abolished the death penalty.
the death sentence (=the legal punishment of death)
Because of his young age, the judge decided not to impose the death sentence.
the death rate (=the number of people who die each year from something)
The death rate from heart attacks is about 50% higher for smokers.
the death toll (=the number of people who die in an accident)
Officials fear the death toll could be as high as 3000.
a death threat (=a threat to kill someone deliberately)
The writer had received a number of death threats.
PHRASES
the cause of death
The cause of death was a bullet in his chest.
a sentence of death (=the official punishment of death for a crime)
There were strong protests against the sentence of death.
Organize
Organise
1 [transitive] to make the necessary arrangements so that an activity can happen effectively
The course was organized by a training company.
Students need to learn how to organize their work.
2 [transitive] to manage a group of people who are doing something
The lawyer helped to organize a group of parents who took action for their children.
organize yourself
The scientists need to organize themselves and work as a team.
3 [transitive] to arrange something so that it is more ordered or happens in a more sensible way
He doesn’t need you to organize his life for him.
Organize yourself to arrive at places on time.
4 [transitive] to arrange things in a particular order or pattern
We are learning about how genes are organized.
5 [intransitive, transitive] to form a trade union or persuade people to join one
The law gives workers the right to organize and bargain collectively.
Dominate
1 [intransitive, transitive] to control someone or something or to have more importance than other people or things
The industry is dominated by five multinational companies.
New Orleans dominated throughout the game.
Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation.
Education issues dominated the election campaign.
2 [transitive] to be larger and more noticeable than anything else in a place
The cathedral dominates the city.
—dominating adjective
Quiet
quieter, superlative quietest)
1 MAKING NO NOISE not making much noise, or making no noise at all
We’ll have to be quiet so as not to wake the baby.
It’s a nice car. The engine’s really quiet.
I’ll be as quiet as a mouse (=very quiet).
2 NOT SPEAKING
a) not saying much or not saying anything
You’re very quiet, Mom – is anything the matter?
I didn’t know anything about it so I just kept quiet.
The crowd went quiet.
quiet confidence/satisfaction/desperation (=having a particular feeling but not talking about it)
a woman whose life of quiet desperation threatens to overwhelm her
quiet authority/dignity (=not saying much but making other people have a particular feeling about you)
Jack’s air of quiet authority
b) someone who is quiet does not usually talk very much
a strange, quiet girl
3 → (be) quiet!
4 → keep something quiet/keep quiet about something
5 PLACE WITH NO NOISE a place that is quiet has no noise or not much noise
Our hotel room was comfortable and quiet.
When they walked into the pub, the place went quiet.
6 NO ACTIVITY/PEOPLE without much activity or without many people
It was a Sunday, about three o’clock, and the streets were quiet.
I’d love to go on holiday somewhere where it’s nice and quiet.
Anthony met her in the bar, and they found a quiet corner where they could talk.
I’m going to have a quiet night in (=an evening when you stay at home and relax).
He wants a quiet life, while she wants to go out partying.
7 BUSINESS if business is quiet, there are not many customers SYN slack
August is a quiet time of year for the retail trade.
8 → keep somebody quiet
9 → have a quiet word (with somebody)
Comprehensive understanding
Understanding everything about something
….. be good at their/his/her job
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Have confidence in somebody
فعلش have
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