29 Flashcards
Full stop
نقطه اخر خط
People come from all over the world to “participate “
formal to take part in an activity or event
Become part of an activity
participate in
Everyone in the class is expected to participate actively in these discussions.
They welcomed the opportunity to participate fully in the life of the village.
► Participate is never followed immediately by a noun, or by ‘on’ or ‘to’. Say that you participate in something: More people should participate in elections (NOT More people should participate elections).
Huge social “occasion”
1 TIME
a) [countable] a time when something happens
on … occasions
I’ve seen Jana with them on several occasions.
b) [singular] a suitable or favourable time
occasion for
This was the occasion for expressions of friendship by the two presidents.
► Do not use occasion to mean ‘a time when it is possible for you to do what you want to do’. Use opportunity or chance: Do not waste this opportunity (NOT this occasion).► see thesaurus at time
2 SPECIAL EVENT [countable] an important social event or ceremony
I’m saving this bottle of champagne for a special occasion.
3 CAUSE/REASON [uncountable] formal a cause or reason
His remark was the occasion of a bitter quarrel.
I had occasion to call on him last year.
4 → if (the) occasion arises
5 → on occasion
6 → on the occasion of something
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1:
ADJECTIVES
several occasions
He has helped me on several occasions.
many occasions
I have seen him drunk on many occasions.
numerous occasions
She has been late on numerous occasions.
two/three etc occasions
He was given a red card on two occasions this season.
a rare occasion (=used when something does not happen often)
Only on rare occasions did she ever receive a letter.
a particular occasion
On that particular occasion, he greeted me by kissing my hand.
a previous occasion
He insisted then, as on every previous occasion, that he was innocent.
a separate occasion
I had heard this story on at least four separate occasions.
a different occasion
The same person can react differently on different occasions.
such occasions (=an occasion like the one mentioned or described)
He had a box of toys by his desk for such occasions.
PHRASES
a number of occasions
The crowd interrupted her speech on a number of occasions.
more than one occasion (=more than once)
She stayed out all night on more than one occasion.
at least one occasion (=once, and probably more than once)
On at least one occasion he was arrested for robbery.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 2: an important social event or ceremony
ADJECTIVES
a special occasion
She used her best china on special occasions.
a big/great/splendid occasion
The big occasion for country people was the Agricultural Fair.
A time when something happens
a formal occasion
He wore the suit on formal occasions.
a social occasion
I prefer not to discuss business at social occasions.
a ceremonial occasion (=a very formal official occasion)
The gowns are worn only on ceremonial occasions.
a happy/joyful occasion
The wedding had been a joyful occasion.
a sad/solemn occasion
He did not want his funeral to be a sad and solemn occasion, but a celebration of his life.
a festive occasion (=when you celebrate something)
The Great Hall had been prepared for the festive occasion.
a historic occasion (=important as part of history)
This is truly a historic occasion.
VERBS
celebrate an occasion
To celebrate the occasion, a small party was held at his home.
mark an occasion (=do something special to celebrate an event)
The bells were rung to mark the occasion.
suit the occasion
The table was decorated to suit the occasion.
PHRASES
a sense of occasion (=a feeling that an event is very special or important)
The music gave the event a real sense of occasion.
enter into the spirit of the occasion (=join in a social occasion in an eager way)
People entered into the spirit of the occasion by enjoying a picnic before the outdoor concert.
Over-ripe
overripe fruit and vegetables are past the point of being ready to eat and are too soft
overripe bananas
اووررایپ
Throw/Thrown
Use your hand arm to send an object through the air
1 THROW A BALL/STONE ETC [intransitive, transitive] to make an object such as a ball move quickly through the air by pushing your hand forward quickly and letting the object go
► You throw something to someone when you want them to catch it. You throw something at someone when you want to hit them.
2 PUT SOMETHING CARELESSLY [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to put something somewhere quickly and carelessly
He threw a handful of money onto the table.
Don’t just throw your clothes on the floor – pick them up!
3 PUSH ROUGHLY/VIOLENTLY [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to push someone or something roughly and violently
The bus stopped suddenly and we were all thrown forwards.
The guards threw Biko to the ground and started kicking him.
The bomb exploded, throwing bricks and debris into the air.
She drew the curtains and threw open the windows.
4 MAKE SOMEBODY FALL [transitive]
a) to make your opponent fall to the ground in a sport in which you fight
b) if a horse throws its rider, it makes them fall onto the ground
5 MOVE HANDS/HEAD ETC [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to suddenly and quickly move your hands, arms, head etc into a new position
I threw my arms around her and kissed her.
He threw his head back and laughed.
6 CONFUSE SOMEBODY [transitive] to make someone feel very confused
It threw me completely when she said she was coming to stay with us.
Blossom
شکوفه
1 [countable, uncountable] a flower or the flowers on a tree or bush
pale pink blossoms
Approach
Come nearer to somebody
نزدیک شدن به، نزدیک آمدن به
تقاضا . درخواست .رویکرد
Verb
1 MOVE TOWARDS [intransitive, transitive] to move towards or nearer to someone or something
As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs.
She heard footsteps approaching.
2 ASK [transitive] to ask someone for something, or ask them to do something, especially when you are asking them for the first time or when you are not sure if they will do it
approach somebody for something
Students should be able to approach teachers for advice.
approach somebody/something about (doing) something
The charity approached several stores about giving food aid.
I have already been approached by several other companies (=offered a job, work etc).
→ approachable
3 FUTURE EVENT [intransitive, transitive] if an event or a particular time approaches, or you approach it, it is coming nearer and will happen soon
She was then approaching the end of her career.
The time is fast approaching when we will have to make a decision.
With winter approaching, many animals are storing food.
4 DEAL WITH [transitive] to begin to deal with a situation or problem in a particular way or with a particular attitude
approach a problem/task/matter etc
It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.
5 ALMOST [intransitive, transitive] to be almost equal to something
temperatures approaching 35° C
He’s never had anything approaching a normal life.
→ See Verb table
1 METHOD [countable] a method of doing something or dealing with a problem
approach to
a new approach to teaching languages
He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story-telling.
This book takes an unorthodox approach to art criticism.
organizations which take a positive approach to creative thinking
► see thesaurus at method, way
2 ASK [countable] a request from someone, asking you to do something for them
They made a direct approach to the minister of education.
3 → the approach of something
4 MOVEMENT TOWARDS [uncountable] movement towards or near to something
Our approach frightened the birds.
5 PATH/ROAD [countable] a road, path etc that leads to a place, and is the main way of reaching it
Soldiers were guarding the approaches to the city.
an approach road
6 AIRCRAFT [countable] the final part of a plane’s flight, before it lands at an airport
It was clear to land so we made our approach.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1 : a method of doing something or dealing with a problem
ADJECTIVES
a new/different/fresh/alternative approach
a new approach to pollution control
a positive approach (=showing that you believe something can be done)
A positive approach is essential in beating pain.
a creative approach (=thinking of new ideas and methods)
International business requires a more creative approach.
a general/broad approach
Many governments have pursued this general approach to economic policy.
a direct approach
We would do better to adopt a direct approach and tackle the problem at its source.
a practical approach
Women often take a more practical approach.
a pragmatic approach (=dealing with problems in a way that is not limited by a strict set of principles)
a pragmatic approach to management problems
a balanced approach (=considering everything in a sensible way)
The president spoke in favour of a calm and balanced approach.
a tough approach (=dealing with something in a severe way)
The council adopted a tough approach to fighting crime.
a cautious approach
China has followed a more cautious approach.
a flexible approach (=using different methods if necessary)
We have a flexible approach to our clients’ requirements.
a traditional/conservative approach
This is different from the traditional approach to high school teaching.
an unorthodox approach (=not the same as people usually use)
It’s an unorthodox approach that her doctor doesn’t recommend for everyone.
a scientific/systematic approach
a scientific approach to the study of language
VERBS
have an approach
In the US they have a somewhat different approach.
take/adopt an approach (=use an approach)
There were concerns that Beijing would take a tougher approach.
use an approach
This approach has been used for a number of major investigations.
try an approach
Some scientists have been trying an alternative approach.
prefer/favour an approach
I prefer a traditional approach.
The trees are sometimes “lit up” at night
a past tense and past participle of light
Light sth up= make something bright with light = illuminate sth
Contest
A competition to see who is the best
مباحثه و جدل کردن، اعتراض داشتن بر، ستیزه کردن،مشاجره، مسابقه، رقابت، دعوا
1 a competition or a situation in which two or more people or groups are competing with each other
contest for
the bitter contest for the Republican presidential nomination
Stone decided to hold a contest to see who could write the best song.
I only entered the contest for fun.
It is clear that the election will be a close contest.
contest between/against
the 1960 contest between Kennedy and Nixon
the 1975 Liberal leadership contest
2 → no contest
3 → plead no contest
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
enter a contest (=take part in one)
Anyone over 18 years old can enter the contest.
take part in a contest
Twenty-five countries took part in the contest.
compete in a contest
The band has competed in many contests over the years.
win/lose a contest
He won a public-speaking contest at his school.
withdraw from a contest (=stop taking part in a contest)
Two candidates had withdrawn from the contest.
have/hold a contest
My college holds an athletics contest once a year.
a contest takes place
The contest took place in Berlin.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + CONTEST
a leadership contest (=in which two politicians compete to become leader of their party)
The party did not want the turmoil of a leadership contest.
a presidential contest
the 1987 U.S presidential contest
an electoral/election contest
What will be the outcome of the electoral contest?
a beauty contest (=to find the most beautiful person)
Miss Colombia won the beauty contest.
a talent contest (=to find the best performer)
She’s singing a song in the school talent contest.
a popularity contest (=to decide which person people like the most)
The competition has turned into a popularity contest.
close (=one which someone wins by a very small amount)
The race was a close contest between two evenly matched crews.
fair (=one in which everyone has the same chance of winning)
Divide the class into groups in a way that will make it a fair contest.
even/equal British English (=one in which everyone has the same chance of winning)
One of the men was much older so it was hardly an even contest.
uneven/unequal British English (=one in which one of the people, groups etc has a better chance of winning)
Given their military strength, the war was a pretty unequal contest.
a beauty contest
a beauty contest (=to find the most beautiful person)
Spectacular entertainment
Spectacular means:
1 very impressive, large,beautiful and often with lots of color
a mountainous area with spectacular scenery
a spectacular success
2 very sudden, unexpected, or extreme
The news caused a spectacular fall in the stock market.
Carnival is a “wild” four-day celebration
Wild= exciting and enjoyable
1 PLANTS/ANIMALS [usually before noun] living in a natural state, not changed or controlled by people OPP tame
wild animals
a field full of wild flowers
wild horse/dog/pig etc
animals both wild and domesticated
wild mushroom/garlic/rose etc
2 LAND not used by people for farming, building etc
Nepal is stunning, with its wild, untamed landscape.
the wild and lonely Scottish hills
3 EMOTIONS feeling or expressing strong uncontrolled emotions, especially anger, happiness, or excitement
wild laughter
wild with
He was wild with rage.
4 BEHAVIOUR behaving in an uncontrolled, sometimes violent way
She was completely wild in high school.
Donny could be wild and crazy.
There was a wild look about her (=she seemed a little crazy).
5 → go wild
6 ENJOYABLE informal very enjoyable and exciting
‘How was the party?’ ‘It was wild!’
7 → be wild about something/somebody
8 WITHOUT CAREFUL THOUGHT done or said without much thought or care, or without knowing all the facts
wild accusations
I’m just making a wild guess here, so correct me if I’m wrong.
9 → beyond somebody’s wildest dreams
10 → not/never in your wildest dreams
11 WEATHER/SEA violent and strong
a wild and angry sea
12 CARD GAMES a card that is wild can be used to represent any other card in a game
13 → wild horses would/could not …
Dress up
Put on special clothes either for fun or for a formal event
1 to wear special clothes for fun, or to put special clothes on someone
as
He went to the party dressed up as a Chicago gangster.
in
I keep a box of old clothes for the children to dress up in.
dress somebody ↔ up
We dressed him up as a gorilla.
2 to wear clothes that are more formal than the ones you would usually wear
It’s a small informal party – you don’t have to dress up.
3 dress something ↔ up to make something more interesting or attractive
Striking costumes
لباس چشمگیر
Costume means :
1 [countable] a set of clothes worn by an actor or by someone to make them look like something such as an animal, famous person etc → outfit
the film’s lavish costumes and spectacular sets
Hallowe’en costumes
2 [countable, uncountable] clothes that are typical of a particular place or period of time in the past
The dancers were in national costume.
performers dressed in period costume (=the clothes of a period of history)
Striking means:
Very attractive in a way that causes people to notice
1 unusual or interesting enough to be easily noticed
striking contrast/similarity/parallel etc
a striking contrast between wealth and poverty
2 attractive in an unusual way that is easy to notice
a dark man with striking features
3 [only before noun] not working because of being on strike
striking auto workers
Festival
Festival is a day or days when people celebrate something, often a religious event.
