22- Prepositions Flashcards
In front of
جلویِِ…
a) further forward than someone or something OPP behind
b) facing someone or something
c) outside a building, near its entrance
d) if you say or do something in front of someone, you do it where they can see or hear you
e) if you have problems or difficulties in front of you, you will soon need to deal with them
Between
بینِ
1 (also in between) in or through the space that separates two things, people, or places
2 (also in between) in the time that separates two times or events
3 within a range of amounts, numbers, distances etc
4 used to say which two places are joined or connected by something
5 used to say which people or things are involved in something together or are connected
6 used to say which people or things get, have, or are involved in something that is shared
7 used to say which two things or people you are comparing
Behind
1 at or towards the back of a thing or person
► Don’t say ‘behind of’: He hid behind a chair (NOT behind of a chair).
2 not as successful or not having made as much progress as someone or something else
Mark’s always behind the rest of his class in mathematics.
3 used to say that someone is late in doing what they have to do
This work should have been finished yesterday. I’m getting terribly behind.
4 used for talking about the hidden reason for something
I wonder what’s behind this change of plan.
5 supporting a person, idea etc
The workers are very much behind these proposals.
6 responsible for a plan, idea etc or for organizing something
It was alleged that foreign agents were behind the recent violence.
7 if an unpleasant experience or situation is behind you, it no longer upsets you or affects your life
Now you can put all these worries behind you.
8 if you have experience behind you, you have gained valuable skills or important qualities that can be used
9 used when the real facts about a situation or someone’s character are hidden by the way things seem or by the way a person behaves
10 if a student stays behind after school or after a lesson, they stay after it has finished
→ behind somebody’s back, → behind bars, → behind the times
Near
1 SHORT DISTANCE AWAY only a short distance from a person or thing → close, nearby
2 SHORT TIME BEFORE soon before a particular time or event
3 ALMOST DOING SOMETHING almost doing something or almost in a particular state
4 AMOUNT OR LEVEL almost at a particular amount or level
Inflation is now near 10%.
5 SIMILAR if something is near something else, it is similar to it
His story was near enough the truth for people to believe it.
near to
They say that love is very near to hate.
6 → near perfect/impossible etc
7 → draw near
8 → (as) near as damn it
9 → near enough
10 → nowhere near/not anywhere near
11 → not come near somebody/something
12 → somebody will not go near somebody/something
13 → so near and yet so far
Above
1 in a higher position than something else SYN over OPP below
Our office is above the hairdresser’s.
2 more than a particular number, amount, or level OPP below
50 metres above sea level
3 to a greater degree than something else
Many employers value personality above experience or qualifications.
above all (else) (=used to say that something is more important than anything else)
Max is hard-working, cheerful, and above all honest.
medals awarded for bravery above and beyond the call of duty (=greater than it is your duty to show)
4 louder or clearer than other sounds
You can always hear her voice above everybody else’s.
5 higher in rank, power, or importance OPP below
He never rose above the rank of corporal.
and/or above
officers of the rank of Major and above
from above (=from people in higher authority)
We just obey orders from above.
6 formal before, in the same piece of writing OPP below
As mentioned above, there is a service charge.
Write to the address above for further information.
7 → not be above (doing) something
8 → be above suspicion/reproach/criticism etc
9 → get above yourself
→ over and above, → be above the law
Below
1 in a lower place or position, or on a lower level OPP above
2 of a lower rank or having a less important job than someone else OPP above
3 less than a particular number, amount, level etc OPP above
4 lower on the same page, or on a later page OPP above
→ below par, → below the belt
Next to
1 very close to someone or something, with no other person, building, place etc in between
2 → next to nothing
3 used to give a list of things you like, hate etc in order to say what is first on the list
4 in comparison with someone or something
Next to her, I’m a very poor cook.
5 → next to impossible/useless etc
Opposite
مقابل، روبرو
1 especially British English if one thing or person is opposite another, they are facing each other
The people sitting opposite us looked very familiar.
on the wall opposite the door
► Do not say that one thing is ‘opposite to’ or ‘opposite of’ another. Say that one thing is opposite another: There’s a car park opposite the hotel.
2 → play/star/appear etc opposite somebody
In
1 used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is
2 into a container, place etc
I never went in pubs.
3 used to say how something is done or happens
a room furnished in the modern style
We waited in silence.
4 used with the names of months, years, seasons etc to say when something happens
5 during a period of time
It was amazing how much we managed to do in a day.
Grammar
• You say:
I got a card from my sister this morning.
I hope to go to Europe next summer.
✗Don’t say: in this morning | in next summer
• You say:
The group meets three times a month.
✗Don’t say: three times in a month
• You can say in one week, month etc when emphasizing how often something happens:
He was stopped for speeding three times in one month.
6 at the end of a period of time
I’ll be with you in a minute.
7 used with negatives or with ‘first’ to say how much time has passed since the last time something happened
I haven’t enjoyed myself so much in years.
It was the team’s first win in eighteen months.
8 used to name the book, document, film etc where something or someone appears
You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.
Which actress starred in the film ‘Cleopatra’?
9 making up the whole of something or included as part of something
There are twelve programmes in the series.
10 doing or affecting a particular kind of job
a career in industry
12 used to talk about the state or situation of something or someone
I hear that their marriage is in trouble.
13 used to say what activity a group of people do
About 4,000 students took part in the protest.
14 used to talk about the shape, arrangement, or course of something or someone
I want you all to stand in a circle.
15 used between a smaller number and a larger number to say how common or how likely something is
16 used before a plural number or amount to say how many people or things are involved, or how many there are in each group
17 used between a smaller number or amount and a larger one to say what a rate is
Income tax stands at 23 pence in the pound.
18 used to say what colour something is or what it is made of
Do you have the same pattern in blue?
a sculpture in white marble
19 used to say what specific thing your statement is related to
Milk is very rich in calcium.
20 used to refer to the weather or the physical conditions somewhere
I’ve been standing in the rain for over an hour.
21 used to say what feeling you have when you do something
She looked at me in horror.
22 used before the name of someone or something when you are saying how they are regarded
You have a very good friend in Pat.
23 used to say what person or thing has the quality you are mentioning
There was a hint of spring in the air.
24 used to name the substance, food, drink etc that contains something
Vitamin D is found in butter.
25 used to say how many parts something is divided into
a radio serial in four parts
26 while doing something or while something is happening, and as a result of this
In all the confusion, it is quite possible that some people got tickets without paying.
27 → in that
28 → be in your 20s/30s/40s etc
On
1 ON A SURFACE
a) touching a surface or being supported by a surface
b) used to say that someone or something moves so that they are then touching or supported by a surface
2 SUPPORTING YOUR BODY used to say what part of someone’s body is touching the ground or another surface and supporting their weight
3 PART HIT/TOUCHED used to say what part of someone or something is hit or touched
4 WRITTEN/SHOWN used to say where something is written or shown
There’s a diagram on page 25.
5 ATTACHED attached to or hanging from something
She hung her coat on a hook.
6 PLACE in a particular place
The town is right on the border.
Is there a water supply on the island?
7 POSITION in a particular position in relation to something else
You’ll see the school on your left.
8 LOOKING/POINTING looking or pointing towards something or someone
His eyes were on the stranger standing in the doorway.
9 DAY/DATE during a particular day
They’ll be here on Tuesday.
Grammar
Don’t use on before ‘this’, ‘last’, or ‘next’ and a day of the week. You say:
Term starts this Monday.
It was my birthday last Friday.
✗Don’t say: on this Monday | on last Friday
10 AFFECTING/RELATING TO affecting or relating to someone or something
a tax on cigarettes
his influence on young people
11 ABOUT about a particular subject
Do you have any books on India?
12 ORDERS/ADVICE as a result of someone’s order, request, or advice
He was killed on the King’s orders.
13 EAT/DRINK used to talk about what someone usually eats or drinks
They live mainly on beans, lentils, and rice.
14 TRANSPORT
a) in or into a bus, train, plane etc OPP off
Did you manage to sleep on the plane?
b) riding something
a statue of the King on horseback
15 MONEY receiving money for a job or as a regular payment
He’s on quite a good salary now.
She must be on at least £50,000 a year.
16 FUEL using a particular type of fuel or power
Most buses run on diesel.
17 MEDICINE/DRUGS taking a particular drug or medicine regularly OPP off
Are you still on antibiotics?
18 → what’s somebody on?
19 USING EQUIPMENT using a machine or piece of equipment
He’s been on the computer all afternoon.
20 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS playing a musical instrument
He played a short piece on the piano.
21 RADIO/TELEVISION being broadcast by radio or television
What’s on TV tonight?
22 RECORDED used to say in what form information is stored or music, films etc are recorded
The movie is now available on video and DVD.
23 ACTIVITY/JOURNEY taking part in an activity or travelling somewhere
She’s on a course all this week.
I met him on vacation in Canada.
24 INCLUDED included in a group or team of people or in a list
Are you still on the management committee?
Mr Edwards is no longer on the staff here.
25 WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS formal as soon as someone has done something or as soon as something has happened
Couples are presented with a bottle of wine on their arrival at the hotel.
26 COMPARED WITH SOMETHING compared with another person or thing
This essay is a definite improvement on your last one.
Sales are 10% up on last year.
27 CARRYING SOMETHING informal if you have something on you, you have it in your pocket, your bag etc
I don’t have any money on me.
28 → be on somebody
29 TELEPHONE NUMBER used to say what number you should use in order to telephone someone SYN at American English
You can contact me on this number.
30 CAUSING SOMEBODY PROBLEMS used when something bad happens to you, for example when something you are using suddenly stops working, or someone you have a relationship with suddenly leaves you
At
1 used to say exactly where something or someone is, or where something happens
They live at 18 Victoria Street.
2 used to say what event or activity someone is taking part in
I met my wife at a disco.
3 used to say that someone is studying somewhere regularly
Is Jessica still at school?
4 used to say exactly when something happens
The film starts at 8 o’clock.
5 during a particular period of time
My husband often works at night.
6 used to say which thing or person an action is directed towards or intended for
He gazed up at the sky.
7 used to say what or who causes an action or feeling
The children all laughed at his jokes.
8 used to say which subject or activity you are talking about when you say whether someone is skilful, successful etc or not
9 used to say that someone or something is in a particular state
two nations at war
10 used to show a price, rate, level, age, speed etc
old books selling at 10 cents each
11 → at your best/worst/most effective etc
12 used to say what someone tries to touch, or keeps touching
I clutched at the rope.
13 used to say what someone tries to do
the student’s first attempt at a piece of research
14 because of what someone has said
Chapman visited Austria at the invitation of his friend, Hugo Meisl.
15 → while I’m/you’re etc at it
16 → be at it again
17 → at that
18 → be where it’s at
At/in/on
Talking about time
Use at
– with clock times:
at one o’clock
at 6.30
– with points of time in the day:
at midnight
at noon
at dawn
at sunset
– with holiday periods, meaning the few days around the holiday:
at Easter
at Diwali
– with weekend, in British English:
See you at the weekend!
At weekends we go out.
Use in
– with parts of the day:
in the morning
in the evening
I never watch TV in the daytime.
– with months, seasons, years, and centuries:
in May
in the summer
in 2004
in the 21st century
Use on
– with dates and specific days:
on 29th July
on Tuesday afternoons
on the last day of term
– with weekend, in American English:
We sometimes go there on weekends.
Talking about position and place
Use at
– with particular positions or places:
at the end of the corridor
at the back of the room
at the corner of the street
– to mean ‘next to’ or ‘beside’:
She sat at her desk.
He stopped me at the door.
– with words for buildings, for example airport, university, restaurant, art gallery:
at the airport
at the Lyceum Theatre
– with city or place names, when you are talking about stopping during a journey:
Does this train stop at Watford?
Use in
– with a position or place, when something or someone is inside a larger thing such as a room:
in the bath
in the kitchen
in the garden
in the doorway
– with cities, counties, states, and countries:
When will you arrive in Tokyo?
He lives in Germany.
She’s working in California.
– with the names of squares, plazas etc:
in Times Square
Use on
– with a position or place, when one thing is attached to or touching another:
a spot on the end of her nose
He hung his jacket on the back of a chair.
You can use either in or on with street names in British English. In American English, use on:
in Oxford Street
on the High Street
on 42nd Street
on Broadway
Besides
1 next to or very close to the side of someone or something
Wendy came up and sat beside me.
► Do not confuse beside (=next to) and besides (=in addition to): He sat down beside Mary. | Who was there besides you?
2 in comparison with something or someone
This year’s sales figures don’t look very good beside last year’s results.
3 → be beside yourself
4 → be beside the point
