3.6-ALCOHOL!!!

Question 1

Since the two main reactions involving alcohol use dehydrogenase’s…WHAT by product are we making a lot of?

Answer 1

NADH!! We are taking H’s off things, and filling up all of our taxi cabs! It explains all of the problems w/ EtOH consumption.

Question 2

What is the general legal limit for DUI?

Answer 2

80mg/dL or .08g/dL

Question 3

What two features allow EtOH to be absorbed EVERYWHERE in the body? What is its method of absorption?

Answer 3

Polar AND hydrophobic. Best of both worlds!…. Diffusion

Question 4

Where is 80% of EtOH absorbed? What about the other 20%? Where is it mostly OXIDIZED (dehydrogenated!)

Answer 4

80% in s.i. and 20% in liver…Mostly oxidized in the Liver (some in stomach and si)

Question 5

About how much EtOH goes unabsorbed and expelled through sweat, urine, feces, breath, saliva, and milk?

Answer 5

10%

Question 6

What is the product of the first reaction of EtOH oxidation? REGARDLESS of route taken..(there are 4 routes)

Answer 6

Acetaldehyde=freaking toxic

Question 7

Which EtOH oxidation pathway begins in the cytosol and is for naive drinkers?

Answer 7

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Question 8

Which EtOH oxidation pathway is inducible (for habitual drinkers) and occurs in the Smooth ER? What is the main enzyme in this system? (Dr.T would be upset if I get this wrong)

Answer 8

the Cytochrome P450 system MEOS (microsomal-EtOH-Oxidating-System)…. Main enzyme: Cytochrome-Y-2-E-1

Question 9

What is the major EtOH oxidation rxn in the Brain/CNS happening in peroxisomes?

Answer 9

Catalase Dependent Oxidation

Question 10

What is “first pass” EtOH oxidation? (its the same rxn as ADH, this is unique c/o location)

Answer 10

Gastric Oxidiation

Question 11

What is the easiest enzyme to become saturated? Where is the enzyme housed? What is the hardest?

Answer 11

Alcohol Dehydrogenase in the mitochondria….vs MEOS a 1000x difference!!

Question 12

What is the second reaction of EtOH oxidation? What is the enzyme?

Answer 12

Acetaldehyde–>Acetate using Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2

Question 13

What are the two ways the end product of Acetakdehyde dehydrogenase can be used?

Answer 13

Acetate can then be used to build stuff (acetate—>acetyl-CoA—>fat) or used for energy 30kJ/g

Question 14

What are the three NEGATIVE outcomes of EtOH metabolism?

Answer 14

1.Acetaldehyde is an adduct (clingy and disruptive) 2. Increases ROS (reactive oxygen species) 3. Fills up all the taxi cabs (high NADH/NAD+ ratio)

Question 15

What might be the leading cause for the almighty HANGOVER?

Answer 15

the build up of Acetaldehyde (very close to formaldehyde=toxic!!)

Question 16

WHERE is the second step (acetaldehyde dehydrogenase) occurring?

Answer 16

In the mitochondria (weird, more breaking down in mitochondria)

Question 17

What are the two main structural features of Alcohol Dehydrogenase?

Answer 17

Its a DIMER and it has ZINC in it!

Question 18

What is the general name for the different classes of ADH? What is the main class of these?

Answer 18

Isozymes=iso enzymes…Class I most important

Question 19

Rank the effectiveness of the ALDH2s: 1/1, 1/2, & 2/2 (converting acetaldehyde to acetate)

Answer 19

1/1 > 1/2 > 2/2.. I’d definitely a 2/2

Question 20

What is the ONE main reason for ALL the negative effects of Alcohol in the body? Hyperlactacidemia, hyperuricemia, hypoglycemia, ketosis, hyperlipemia, fatty liver, adducts, abnormal protein trafficking….

Answer 20

DECREASED NAD+/NADH ratio

Question 21

Why in the world would alcohol cause hypoglycemia?!

Answer 21

GNG gets suppressed because excess NADH goes towards making more MALATE and LACTATE instead of glucose

Question 22

What does EtOH do to ADH to cause dehydration?

Answer 22

EtOH inhibits AntiDiureticHormone, so you pee out more becoming dehydrated!

Question 23

What is the build up of lactate called coupled with dehydration?

Answer 23

Lactic Acidemia

Question 24

What is the result of a build up of acetyl-CoA when glycogen stores are depleted and GNG is suppressed?

Answer 24

Ketonemia!

Question 25

What is the result of increased ketones and lactate competing with uric acid for the renal pump? AND you have increased breakdown of purines in muscle…

Answer 25

HyperUricemia

Question 26

What is the result of acetaldehyde adducts to tubilin causing impaired microtubule function in the liver?

Answer 26

Fatty liver

Question 27

How does EtOH affect the N.T. Gluatmate?

Answer 27

Glutamate is a major Exititory NT and EtOH INHIBITS Glutamate RECEPTOR function

Question 28

How does EtOH affect the NT GABA?

Answer 28

GABA is a major inhibitory NT and EtOH ENHANCES GABA RECEPTOR function

Question 29

What does EtOH do to the NT dopamine?

Answer 29

Increases Dopamine (excitement and stimulation)

Question 30

What does EtOH do to the NTs Endorphins?

Answer 30

Increases endorphins (pain reduction/feeling high)

Question 31

Alcohol consumption leads to weight _____ in occasional drinkers and weight _____ in alcoholics.

Answer 31

Gain in occasional, loss in alcoholics…GO FIGURE!

Question 32

Alcohol Vitamin deficiency: this syndrome is the cause of low thiamin (B1) levels..

Answer 32

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 33

What is the result of low folic acid (B9) levels due to EtOH?

Answer 33

Anemia

Question 34

What degrades Vit A (Retinol) in EtOH metabolism? This can cause blindness YO!

Answer 34

the MEOS pathway

Question 35

What are the four reasons alcohol might have a bigger effect on women then men?

Answer 35

1. Less total body water 2. ADH less affective in stomach 3.Menstral cycle 4. Chronic abuse not handled well