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Metabolism > 1.8-Glycolysis > Flashcards

1.8-Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is glucose converted to in aerobic conditions? Anerobic?

A

Aerobic:Pyruvate (2) Anerobic: Lactate

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

The cytosol

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3
Q

What is the ROLE of glycolysis in muscle?

A

Supply ATP for muscle contraction (frequently anaerobic)

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4
Q

What is the ROLE of glycolysis in the liver?

A

Converting excess glucose to FAT for storage

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5
Q

What is the ROLE of glycolysis in RBCs?

A

Supply ALL ATP (no mitochondria)

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6
Q

What is the ROLE of glycolysis in the Brain?

A

Glucose is primary fuel, glycolysis STARTS the conversion to ATP after oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Do GLUTs move glucose with or against its [ ] gradient?

A

With [ ] gradient

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8
Q

Where are GLUT1s mainly found?

A

Brain and RBCs

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9
Q

Where are GLUT2s mainly found? What is Dr. Ts analogy for GLUT2s?

A

Mainly found in liver, kidney, intestine and Beta Cells(pancreas)….They are the Ferrari of GLUTs

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10
Q

Where are GLUT3s mainly found?

A

nearly ALL cells!

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11
Q

Where are GLUT4s mainly found?

A

Muscle and Adipose (insulin dependent)

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12
Q

Where are GLUT5s mainly found?

A

Small Intestine (on arterial side of the epithelial cell)

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13
Q

Which GLUT transporter has the highest Km?

A

GLUT2 BY FAR 15-10mM

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14
Q

Which tissues are insulin Independent? Think low blood supply or tissues ALWAYS involved with moving glucose…

A

Eye, Blood Cells (W&R), Liver, Brain

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15
Q

What is the name of the Sodium/Glucose Symporter what moves glucose from the lumen of the intestine to the epithelial cell?

A

SGLT1

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16
Q

What is the first thing that happens when Glucose enters any cell? What enzyme is used?

A

HexoKinase phosphorylates the glucose to make it G-6-P!

17
Q

How many NADH do I get out of Glycolysis? How much ATP? If you get these wrong, you need to go back to high school.

A

2 NADH, 2ATP

18
Q

What is the ONLY reason for Anerobic Glycolysis?

A

To empty the NADH taxi cab and make it NAD+ for Glycolysis!!

19
Q

Where is anaerobic glycolysis particularly important? Think same as insulin independent tissue! Low Blood Supply!

A

Eye, Blood, Kidney Medulla, Testes

20
Q

What is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to Lactate? Freaking straight forward!

A

Lactate DeHydrogenase

21
Q

THIS IS BIG PEOPLE: What are the three Regulatory enzymes of Glycolysis? Why are they considered regulatory?

A
  1. HexoKinase 2. Pyruvate Kinase 3. PhosphoFructoKinase1 (PFK1)… They are “regulatory” because they catalyze steps that are irreversible (very energetically downhill)
22
Q

Just more names to memorize: what is the isozyme of hexokinase in the LIVER?

A

GlucoKinase

23
Q

What is the name for the hexokinase in the muscle? JK, but what is it allosterically inhibited by?

A

Its called Hexokinase, its allosterically inhibited by G-6-P (the product!)

24
Q

Which hexokinase isozyme is inducible by the presence of insulin?

A

GlucoKinase

25
Q

What does Glucagon do to the enzyme Pyruvate Kinase? What does that do glycosis overall in the liver?

A

It LOWERS its effectiveness by phosphorylating it. Since Pyruvate Kinase is lower in effectiveness glycolysis stops in the liver. (WE ARE HUNGRY STOP GLYCOLYSIS AND START GNG…IN LIVER ONLY!!)

26
Q

MAJOR CONCEPT: What does Glucagon signaling generally end up with?

A

A Phosphorylation event. ADDING a phosphate

27
Q

MAJOR CONCEPT: What does Insulin signaling generally end with?

A

A DEphosphorylation event. Taking off a phosphate

28
Q

Which high energy molecules inhibit Pyruvate Kinase and there for slowdown glycolysis? (In all glycolytic tissues)

A

ATP, Acetyl-CoA, Long Fatty Acids

29
Q

Which regulatory enzyme commits the cell to glycolysis? AKA the cross roads between glycolysis and gluconeogenisis…

A

PhosphoFructoKinase1 (PFK1)

30
Q

What 4 molecules INCREASE PFK1 activity?

A

Molecules of Hunger: ADP, AMP, Fructose-6-Phosphate (Reactant), Fructose-2,6-BisPhosphate (mainly in liver)

31
Q

What 2 molecules DECREASE PFK1 activity?

A

Molecules of Satiation: ATP, Citrate

32
Q

How does insulin increase PFK1 activity? What enzyme does it stimulate? What product does it yield? Where does this “round about” reaction mainly occur?

A

Insulin stimulates the enzyme PFK2 to make Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate. Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate is very stimulating for PFK1 IN THE LIVER

33
Q

What effect does glucagon have on Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate in the liver?

A

Glucagon inhibits Fructose 2,6 Bisphos to promote GNG

34
Q

What is the liver ultimately trying to make when there is high insulin to glucagon ratio in the blood?

A

The liver is performing glycolysis with the goal of ultimately turing pyruvate to FAT

Metabolism (35 decks)

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