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Metabolism > 2.11-1Carbon&AASyn > Flashcards

2.11-1Carbon&AASyn Flashcards

1
Q

What two types of catabolism are TetraHydroFolate and SAM especially important in?

A

Amino Acid and Nucleotide catabolism

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2
Q

TetraHydroFolate & SAM: Which one is involved in oxidation states? Reduction States?

A

TetraHydroFolate=oxidation steps, SAM=Reduced

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3
Q

TetraHydroFolate & SAM: Which one is involved in nucleotide syn? AA metabolism?

A

Nucleotide Syn=Folic Acid; AA metabolism=SAM

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4
Q

What is the most oxidized form of Carbon? Which vitamin is it transferred by?

A

CO2, Biotin

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5
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for TetraHydroFolate?

A

Folate

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6
Q

What are the three components to folic acid?

A

Pteridine, PABA, & Glutamate

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7
Q

What is the enzyme that converts our dietary folic acid TO TetraHydroFolate??

A

DiHydroFolate Reducase (DHR) (It works twice: 1st time REDUCES by adding 2Hs. 2nd time REDUCES by adding 2 more Hs)

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8
Q

Which famous molecule is giving hydrogens in the BUILDING of TetraHydroFolate? :)

A

NADPH

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9
Q

What is a structural analogue to DiHydroFolate and is there for an inhibitor of DiHydrofolateReducase (DHR)?

A

METH-O-TREX-ANE, helps with cancer therapy. DHR is a major target to stop very active cells

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10
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the world? Where is it typically manifested first?

A

Lack of Folic Acid in diet, blood cells turn over rapidly so megaloblastic anemia is typically the first occurrence

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11
Q

What are the three SPECIFIC metabolisms that require folate?

A

Purine, thymine, and amino acid metabolism

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12
Q

Which two Nitrogens on TetraHydroFolate carry the methyl groups?

A

N5 and N10

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13
Q

Is TetraHydroFolate Interconvertable?

A

YES!

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14
Q

If both THF and SAM can carry a methyl group which one transfers it more efficiently? Why?

A

SAM, the Sulfur group

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15
Q

What are the two building blocks of SAM? What is the enzyme that makes the magic happen?

A

ATP + Methionine—->SAM Enzyme: Methionine Adenosyl Transferase

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16
Q

How does SAM even get its CH3? What donates the CH3 and what is the molecule that picks it up to form Methionine?

A

THF donates the CH3 to HomoCystine to make Methionine

17
Q

Starting with SAM what are the 5 BASIC steps to the Methyl Cycle?

A
  1. SAM gives off its CH3 2. Becomes S-AdenosylHomocystine 3. Add Water to make HomoCystine 4. Add methyl to make Methionine 5. Add ATP to make SAM!
18
Q

What do RNA->Methylated RNA, DNA->Methylated DNA, and NorEpi->Epi all have in common??

A

They are all methylated by SAM!

19
Q

What is the RATE LIMITING STEP to the Methyl cycle? Hint : it has to do with Adding the methyl to the cycle..

A

MTHFR (Methylene TetraHydroFolate Reductase

20
Q

What is the methyl trap?

A

If MTHFR is irreversible, if HomoCystine is not taking methyls MTHFR will just keep adding them on to THF

21
Q

What three B vitamins have a direct effect on HomoCystine Levels?

A

Low B12,9,6 all increase homocystine and the Dr looks for increased homocystine levels.

22
Q

What are the three major metabolic pathways that yield the building blocks for amino acids?

A

PPP, CAC, and Glycolysis

23
Q

What are the three amino acids made by alpha-keto acid enzymes?

A

Alanine, Aspartate, and Glutamate

24
Q

What is Alanine synthesized from?

A

Pyruvate

25
Q

What is Aspartate synthesized from?

A

Oxaloacetate

26
Q

What is Glutamate synthesized from?

A

alpha-KetoGlutarate

27
Q

How is the AA Glutamine formed? Whats the name of the enzyme, be careful tough name :)

A

From the Amnio Acid Glutamate! with the enzyme Glutamine SynTheTase! Tough Name I know!

28
Q

What is the major biosynthetic precursor of both glycine and cysteine?

A

SERINE!

29
Q

What is the precursor to Serine?

A

3-PhosphoGlycerate

30
Q

What amino acid is relies on ample supply of dietary methionine? (Hint: and vitamin B6)

A

Cysteine

31
Q

What is the enzyme that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine? When in doubt guess the reactant :)

A

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

32
Q

What is the genetic defect in which you are unable to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine? What is the test for it? How do you treat it?

A

PhenylKetonUria (PKU). Guthrie Test, Low diet of phenylalanine. Causes mental retardation if not caught early.

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