3.2 Subculturalists On Crime & Deviance

Question 1

Subculturalist theories explain crime and deviance in terms of what?

Answer 1

Differing norms and values

Question 2

(Cohen) Cohen talks about the delinquent what?

Answer 2

Subculture

Question 3

(Cohen) delinquency is not an individual response rather it is what?

Answer 3

Collective

Question 4

(Cohen) what did Merton fail to explain?

Answer 4

Non utilitarian crime

Question 5

(Cohen) agrees with Merton that education failure is caused by what?

Answer 5

Cultural deprivation

Question 6

(Cohen) due to cultural deprivation working class youths suffer what?

Answer 6

Status frustration

Question 7

(Cohen) working class youths reject mainstream goals and replace them with what?

Answer 7

Their own a delinquent subculture

Question 8

(Cohen) delinquent subcultures reverse what?

Answer 8

Norms and values of mainstream culture in defiance

Question 9

(Cohen) delinquent subcultures offer what for its members?

Answer 9

Positive rewards e.g. Attention and recognition

Question 10

(Cohen) criticism - Box questions whether working class youths originally do what?

Answer 10

Accept mainstream goals and feel ashamed by failure

Question 11

(Cohen) criticisms - Box - working class youths may actually just resent what?

Answer 11

Being looked down upon

Question 12

(Cohen) criticism Bordua -cohen uses the idea of cultural deprivation to explain education failure which is what?

Answer 12

Passed on through socialisation

Question 13

(Cohen) criticism - Bordua - but cohen argues delinquent subcultures are what?

Answer 13

Developed anew in each generation

Question 14

(Cloward and Ohlin) what can explain different types of deviance?

Answer 14

Differential access to illegitimate opportunity structure

Question 15

(Cloward and Ohlin) when do criminal subcultures develop?

Answer 15

With access to organised adult crime
You need skills, location and connections to get in
Utilitarian

Question 16

(Cloward and Ohlin) when do conflict subcultures develop?

Answer 16

When access to criminal is blocked

Frustration is expressed through gang violence

Question 17

(Cloward and Ohlin) when do retreatist subcultures develop?

Answer 17

Access to criminal and conflict is blocked

Centres on drug use and petty crime

Question 18

(Cloward and Ohlin) criticism - Taylor Walton and young say the theory assumes everyone starts with what?

Answer 18

The same goal

Question 19

(Cloward and Ohlin) criticism - some groups decide to do what?

Answer 19

Reject the success goal

They aren’t just reacting to their failure

Question 20

(Cloward and Ohlin) strength - they explain what that Merton doesn’t?

Answer 20

Delinquencys link to opportunity structure

Question 21

(Miller) explains crime through what?

Answer 21

Working class culture

Question 22

(Miller) what does the working class culture consist of?

Answer 22

5 focal concerns

Question 23

(Miller) what are the 5 focal concerns?

Answer 23

Toughness 
Smartness
Excitement
Trouble
Autonomy

Question 24

(Miller) what is toughness and what crimes does it link to?

Answer 24

Concern for strength and masculinity

Connected to assault

Question 25

(Miller) what is smartness and what crimes is it connected to?

Answer 25

Concern for outwitting others | Linked to conmen

Question 26

(Miller) what is excitement and what is it linked to?

Answer 26

Thrill seeking | E.g. Gambling

Question 27

(Miller) what is trouble?

Answer 27

Seeing trouble and fighting as normal and acceptable

Question 28

(Miller) what is autonomy and what does it link to?

Answer 28

You can't tell me what to do | Links to problems with the police

Question 29

(Miller) what two factors exaggerate focal concerns?

Answer 29

A peer group demanding close conformity | A concern for status

Question 30

(Miller) criticism - there is no consistent what?

Answer 30

Working class culture

Question 31

(Miller) criticism - Bordua says miller ignores contact with what?

Answer 31

Middle class institutions

Question 32

(Matza) criticised subculturalists by saying delinquents don't do what?

Answer 32

Oppose mainstream norms and values

Question 33

(Matza) who did he research?

Answer 33

Delinquents in training schools

Question 34

(Matza) found delinquents expressed what?

Answer 34

Regret over their crimes | Disapproval of muggings and armed robberies

Question 35

(Matza) the fact delinquents expressed regret suggests what?

Answer 35

They don't oppose mainstream norms and values

Question 36

(Matza) delinquents use what to minimise the moral bind of society and commit a crime?

Answer 36

Techniques of neutralisation

Question 37

(Matza) what are the techniques of neutralisation?

Answer 37

``` Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial act was wrong Condemnation of law enforcers Appeal to higher loyalties ```

Question 38

(Matza) as delinquents use these techniques what does it suggest?

Answer 38

They experience guilt and shame They don't oppose mainstream norms and values

Question 39

(Matza) norms and values of delinquent subcultures allow for delinquency but don't what?

Answer 39

Demand it

Question 40

Strengths - all subculturalists do what?

Answer 40

Explain dove thing Merton doesn't

Question 41

Weakness - subculturalists assume crime is committed by who?

Answer 41

Working class males, trusting the stats

Question 42

Weaknesses - interactionists would say the stats are what?

Answer 42

Socially constructed

Question 43

Weaknesses - Marxists would say the stats underestimate what?

Answer 43

Corporate crime and crimes committed by the upper classes