3.2 (a) Gender & Crime Flashcards
who commit more crime, men or women?
men
what percentage of known offenders are men?
80%
crime rate for which gender has increased most rapidly?
female
in every age group and European country crime is overwhelmingly dominated by who?
men
Carlen argues that gender role socialisation encourages what sort of behaviour in boys?
aggression
competition
impulsivity
Carlen argues gender role socialisation encourages what behaviours in girls?
fearfulness
carefulness
caring
Heidensohn examined female conformity arguing patriarchal society does what?
controls women more effectively than men making it more difficult for women to break the law
how do families place more restrictions upon girls?
not out late
not allowed out alone
expected to do more housework
contact parents to let them know where you are
how are boys socialised to be aggressive and competitive?
violent toys and games
competitive sports
heidensohn describes domesticity as a form of what?
detention
Heidensohn says being a housewife limits women’s opportunities for what?
criminal behaviour
do women have fewer opportunity to commit crime than men?
they have more than what they used to
but they don’t have as much as men - they take on majority of domestic work
Heidensohn - how are women controlled in public?
chose not to go out for fear of becoming a victim
limit their behaviour in public, fear of being labelled
are women in more danger than men if they go out after dark?
no
the risk is greater though e.g. women may be raped but men may be attacked
Brownmiller says that what allows men to keep women in a state of fear?
fear of rape
how do girls lessen their chances of being a victim of rape?
go out with other people ring someone don't look at people avoid certain routes cover up
how do men reassure strangers they aren’t a danger?
avoid looking/staring
smile
move to the other side of the road
who/what are women usually controlled by at work?
male superiors
sexual harassment
according to Heidensohn what percent of women have experienced some form of sexual harassment at work?
60%
why might female crime do undetected, unreported and unrecorded?
women commit less obvious crimes e.g. fraud
female crime seen as petty
gentle treatment of women
why might females be less likely to be convicted?
don’t fit typifications
mothers - try to avoid prison sentences
chivalry - more sympathy
Adler says the female crime rate is rising due to increased what?
equality for women
Adler says female crime rate is rising as changes in society have altered what?
women’s behaviour
Adler argues female crime rate is rising as women are becoming more involved in what sort of crimes?
male crimes such as robbery and embezzlement
why might the female crime rate be increasing faster than the male?
less lenient
ladettes - women more aggressive and assertive
gender equality
women more independant
Box and Hale argue increase in female crime rate is not due to what?
female equality
Box and Hale found most female offenders were lower class, less likely to be affected by equality, they said the increase could be due to what?
recession and economic marginalisation
the main increase in female crime has been in which type of crime? what does this fit?
shoplifting
fits almost all stereotypical gender roles
Heidensohn says crime gendered what does this refer to?
crimes more likely to be committed by a gender
crimes where a victim is most likely to be of a certain gender
Heidensohn - (gendered crime) women are more likely to be guilty of what?
theft
fraud
handling stolen goods
Heidensohn (gendered crime) men are more likely to commit what sorts of crime?
violent crime
murder
Heidensohn (gendered crime) women are more likely to be victims of what?
rape assault kidnapping harassment stalking
Heidensohn (gendered crime) womens crimes are what, in comparison to mens?
fewer
less serious
rarely professional
(gendered crime) females receive harsher treatment and sentencing than men for what?
more violent crimes
or crimes involving children e.g. rosemary west
(gendered crime) what does heidensohn say about why women receive harsher treatment for serious crimes?
they are treated harshly when they deviate from the norms e.g. women should be caring they shouldn’t abduct and kill children
(gendered crime) Carlen argues women are more likely to be sentenced according to courts assessments of them as what?
wives, mothers and daughters than the seriousness of their crime
