1.2 roles & relationships (family)

Question 1

what is the domestic division of labour?

Answer 1

roles men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work

Question 2

parsons says in the family women have which role?

Answer 2

expressive role - raising kids, emotional care

Question 3

parsons say in the family men have which role?

Answer 3

instrumental role - concerned with achieving goal, responsibility for family

Question 4

parsons says roles within the family are determined by what?

Answer 4

biology

Question 5

feminists would criticise parsons by saying gender roles are what?

Answer 5

socially constructed

Question 6

feminists say the patriarchal nuclear family and gender roles benefit who?

Answer 6

men

Question 7

who could be used to criticise parsons by saying roles are changing?

Answer 7

young and willmott

Question 8

young and Willmott say what type of family has emerged?

Answer 8

symmetrical family

Question 9

young and Willmott say we have moved away from segregated conjugal roles and moved toward what?

Answer 9

joint conjugal roles - more equality

Question 10

what 3 things are features of the symmetrical family?

Answer 10

couples sharing childcare
couples sharing housework
privatised - couples spending more time together relying on each other

Question 11

what reasons are there for the emergence of a symmetrical family?

Answer 11

couples relying more on each other than extended families - mobility
women working
increased living standards and labour saving gadgets

Question 12

what is Oakley critical of?

Answer 12

young and willmott’s evidence saying it is over-exaggerated

Question 13

young and Willmott said what percent of men helped within the house? what criticism did Oakley have of this?

Answer 13

72%

to be included in this figure they had to do one chore a week e.g. take the children for a walk

Question 14

who did Oakley herself research?

Answer 14

40 full time housewives

Question 15

what did Oakley find no evidence of?

Answer 15

symmetry

Question 16

what percent of husbands did Oakley find had a high level of participation in housework?

Answer 16

15%

Question 17

Boulton (1983) found what percentage of husbands have a major role in childcare?

Answer 17

less than 20%

Question 18

Boulton - women are still seen as responsible for what?

Answer 18

housework and childcare

Question 19

increase in women working has led to what?

Answer 19

increased contribution from men

Question 20

Gershuny - families are becoming more equal, wives working full time do less what?

Answer 20

domestic work

Question 21

Gershuny - wives who didn’t work did what percent of housework?

Answer 21

83%

Question 22

Gershuny -wives who worked full time did what percent of housework?

Answer 22

73%

Question 23

criticism - what tasks do men and women do?

Answer 23

men do DIY & gardening
women do cooking, ironing, cleaning
womens domestic tasks more urgent

Question 24

what is lagged adaptation?

Answer 24

roles are taking time to adapt to women working

Question 25

(class) joint conjugal roles are more likely to be found amongst which class?

Answer 25

middle

Question 26

(class) Morris studied unemployed men in Hartlepool finding men losing masculine role of breadwinner did what?

Answer 26

didn't contribute to domestic work | they saw it as womens work

Question 27

(ethnicity) Berthoud said which families are more likely to adopt traditional gender roles?

Answer 27

south asian

Question 28

(ethnicity) Berthoud - black African-Caribbean families are often headed by single mothers who do what?

Answer 28

take responsibility for paid work & housework

Question 29

(age) what couples are more likely to adopt equal roles?

Answer 29

young couples

Question 30

(age) when couples settle down and have children what tends to happen?

Answer 30

women take on greater responsibility for domestic work

Question 31

(sexuality) Dunne - heterosexual couples are pressured to conform to what?

Answer 31

gender scripts - what is expected of their role

Question 32

(sexuality) Dunne- who did she study?

Answer 32

37 cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children

Question 33

(sexuality) what did Dunne found evidence of?

Answer 33

symmetry | more likely to share housework and childcare than heterosexual couples

Question 34

(decisions) Pahl says there is growing individualisation in what?

Answer 34

finances - couples are more likely to have independent bank accounts

Question 35

(decisions) Pahl says pooling is on the increase rather than what?

Answer 35

allowance system

Question 36

(decisions) what is pooling?

Answer 36

shared responsibility of finances

Question 37

(decisions) what is an allowance system?

Answer 37

husband gives wife certain amount of money for needs e.g. to do the shopping

Question 38

(decisions) Edgell - found what with regard to the importance of decisions made?

Answer 38

men more likely to make most important decisions e.g. on housing shared decisions on important decisions like children's education and holidays women more likely to make less important decisions e.g food and decor

Question 39

(decisions) Edgell - some may say men make the more important decisions because what?

Answer 39

they earn more

Question 40

what is the dual burden?

Answer 40

women expected to do domestic tasks as well as having full time jobs

Question 41

what did duncombe and marsden talk about?

Answer 41

triple shift

Question 42

what is the triple shift?

Answer 42

women not only responsible for domestic tasks and paid work but also emotion work

Question 43

what is emotion work?

Answer 43

caring for children, partners, elderly and resolving conflict

Question 44

Hakim - what did hakim talk about with regard to women working?

Answer 44

choice for some women work is important for other family is more important

Question 45

Hakim - what percent of women was work most important for?

Answer 45

20%

Question 46

Hardhill - in 1997 in middle class dual career households out of 30 in how man did the mans career come first?

Answer 46

19

Question 47

Hardhill found by 2002 what has happened?

Answer 47

couples were pursuing individual careers | may mean women have to juggle work and home

Question 48

(paid work) Bonke - who contribute less to housework?

Answer 48

boys

Question 49

(paid work) complicated lives study - what percent of women do less housework than their mothers?

Answer 49

75%

Question 50

(paid work) complicated lives study - what percent of men said they do more housework than their fathers?

Answer 50

60%

Question 51

(paid work) Silver and Schor - commercialisation has led to what?

Answer 51

goods and services mass produced women can also afford them - work e.g. childcare, cleaner, cook

Question 52

(criticisms) time studies rely on what?

Answer 52

self reports or diaries

Question 53

(criticisms) time studies - leonard says women do what?

Answer 53

underestimate time spent on domestic labour

Question 54

(criticisms) time studies - what does leonard say men do?

Answer 54

overestimate the time they spend on domestic labour

Question 55

(criticisms) time studies- men estimated they spent 11.3 hours on childcare when diaries showed how much?

Answer 55

1.7 average

Question 56

(criticisms) time studies don't reveal the difference between what?

Answer 56

taking responsibility for a task and helping out with a task