1.2 roles & relationships (family) Flashcards
what is the domestic division of labour?
roles men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work
parsons says in the family women have which role?
expressive role - raising kids, emotional care
parsons say in the family men have which role?
instrumental role - concerned with achieving goal, responsibility for family
parsons says roles within the family are determined by what?
biology
feminists would criticise parsons by saying gender roles are what?
socially constructed
feminists say the patriarchal nuclear family and gender roles benefit who?
men
who could be used to criticise parsons by saying roles are changing?
young and willmott
young and Willmott say what type of family has emerged?
symmetrical family
young and Willmott say we have moved away from segregated conjugal roles and moved toward what?
joint conjugal roles - more equality
what 3 things are features of the symmetrical family?
couples sharing childcare
couples sharing housework
privatised - couples spending more time together relying on each other
what reasons are there for the emergence of a symmetrical family?
couples relying more on each other than extended families - mobility
women working
increased living standards and labour saving gadgets
what is Oakley critical of?
young and willmott’s evidence saying it is over-exaggerated
young and Willmott said what percent of men helped within the house? what criticism did Oakley have of this?
72%
to be included in this figure they had to do one chore a week e.g. take the children for a walk
who did Oakley herself research?
40 full time housewives
what did Oakley find no evidence of?
symmetry
what percent of husbands did Oakley find had a high level of participation in housework?
15%
Boulton (1983) found what percentage of husbands have a major role in childcare?
less than 20%
Boulton - women are still seen as responsible for what?
housework and childcare
increase in women working has led to what?
increased contribution from men
Gershuny - families are becoming more equal, wives working full time do less what?
domestic work
Gershuny - wives who didn’t work did what percent of housework?
83%
Gershuny -wives who worked full time did what percent of housework?
73%
criticism - what tasks do men and women do?
men do DIY & gardening
women do cooking, ironing, cleaning
womens domestic tasks more urgent
what is lagged adaptation?
roles are taking time to adapt to women working
(class) joint conjugal roles are more likely to be found amongst which class?
middle
(class) Morris studied unemployed men in Hartlepool finding men losing masculine role of breadwinner did what?
didn’t contribute to domestic work
they saw it as womens work
(ethnicity) Berthoud said which families are more likely to adopt traditional gender roles?
south asian
(ethnicity) Berthoud - black African-Caribbean families are often headed by single mothers who do what?
take responsibility for paid work & housework
(age) what couples are more likely to adopt equal roles?
young couples
(age) when couples settle down and have children what tends to happen?
women take on greater responsibility for domestic work
(sexuality) Dunne - heterosexual couples are pressured to conform to what?
gender scripts - what is expected of their role
(sexuality) Dunne- who did she study?
37 cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children
(sexuality) what did Dunne found evidence of?
symmetry
more likely to share housework and childcare than heterosexual couples
(decisions) Pahl says there is growing individualisation in what?
finances - couples are more likely to have independent bank accounts
(decisions) Pahl says pooling is on the increase rather than what?
allowance system
(decisions) what is pooling?
shared responsibility of finances
(decisions) what is an allowance system?
husband gives wife certain amount of money for needs e.g. to do the shopping
(decisions) Edgell - found what with regard to the importance of decisions made?
men more likely to make most important decisions e.g. on housing
shared decisions on important decisions like children’s education and holidays
women more likely to make less important decisions e.g food and decor
(decisions) Edgell - some may say men make the more important decisions because what?
they earn more
what is the dual burden?
women expected to do domestic tasks as well as having full time jobs
what did duncombe and marsden talk about?
triple shift
what is the triple shift?
women not only responsible for domestic tasks and paid work but also emotion work
what is emotion work?
caring for children, partners, elderly and resolving conflict
Hakim - what did hakim talk about with regard to women working?
choice
for some women work is important
for other family is more important
Hakim - what percent of women was work most important for?
20%
Hardhill - in 1997 in middle class dual career households out of 30 in how man did the mans career come first?
19
Hardhill found by 2002 what has happened?
couples were pursuing individual careers
may mean women have to juggle work and home
(paid work) Bonke - who contribute less to housework?
boys
(paid work) complicated lives study - what percent of women do less housework than their mothers?
75%
(paid work) complicated lives study - what percent of men said they do more housework than their fathers?
60%
(paid work) Silver and Schor - commercialisation has led to what?
goods and services mass produced
women can also afford them - work
e.g. childcare, cleaner, cook
(criticisms) time studies rely on what?
self reports or diaries
(criticisms) time studies - leonard says women do what?
underestimate time spent on domestic labour
(criticisms) time studies - what does leonard say men do?
overestimate the time they spend on domestic labour
(criticisms) time studies- men estimated they spent 11.3 hours on childcare when diaries showed how much?
1.7 average
(criticisms) time studies don’t reveal the difference between what?
taking responsibility for a task and helping out with a task
