[21] Metabolism Regulation Flashcards
What is metabolism regulation?
It is the control of metabolic pathways to maintain homeostasis in the body.
How does the body achieve metabolism regulation?
- Enzyme regulation
- Hormonal control
- Genetic regulation
What is enzyme regulation in the context of metabolism?
It involves the control of enzyme activity, including allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and enzyme production.
What is hormonal control in the context of metabolism?
It involves hormones regulating metabolic pathways. Examples include insulin and glucagon.
What is genetic regulation in the context of metabolism?
It involves control at the gene level, influencing the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins involved in metabolism.
How does insulin regulate metabolism?
- Promotes glucose uptake in cells
- Promotes glycogenesis
- Inhibits gluconeogenesis
How does glucagon regulate metabolism?
- Stimulates gluconeogenesis
- Stimulates glycogenolysis
- Inhibits glycogenesis
What is allosteric regulation in metabolic processes?
It’s a mechanism that changes the activity of an enzyme by binding a molecule at a site other than the active site.
What is covalent modification in metabolic processes?
It involves the addition or removal of a chemical group (like a phosphate) to or from a protein, thereby affecting its function.
What is a feedback inhibition?
It’s a type of regulation where the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved earlier in the pathway.
How does the body regulate metabolism during fasting?
In fasting, hormones like glucagon and cortisol are secreted, promoting processes such as glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
How does the body regulate metabolism during feeding?
In the fed state, insulin is secreted, promoting processes like glycogenesis, lipid synthesis, and protein synthesis.
What is the role of AMP in metabolism regulation?
AMP acts as a signal of low energy status and activates processes to generate ATP.
What is the role of ATP in metabolism regulation?
ATP acts as a signal of high energy status and inhibits processes that generate ATP while promoting those that consume ATP.
What is the role of Acetyl-CoA in metabolism regulation?
Acetyl-CoA acts as a metabolic crossroads, involved in energy production (Krebs cycle), and synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.
What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in metabolism regulation?
They are electron carriers and their levels indicate the energy state of the cell, affecting processes like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
How is the rate of metabolic reactions affected by temperature?
Increase in temperature generally increases reaction rate, but if too high, can lead to denaturation of enzymes.
How is the rate of metabolic reactions affected by pH?
Enzymes have optimal pH ranges. Deviation from this can decrease enzyme activity and thus reaction rate.
What is leptin and its role in metabolism regulation?
Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells. It signals the brain about energy stores, influencing food intake and energy expenditure.
What is the role of the thyroid hormone in metabolism regulation?
Thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate, affecting the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
