2. development of the nervous system

Question 1

what causes anencephaly

Answer 1

failure of closure of the neural tube at the rostral neuropore

Question 2

what are the risk factors for a neural tube disorder

Answer 2

epilepsy drugs, previous NTD, diabetes, insufficient folate

Question 3

name the types of spina bifida

Answer 3

spina bifida occulta
meningocele
menigomyelocele
myeloschisis (spinal cord is open)

Question 4

what substance is a marker for NTDs

Answer 4

alpha feto protein

Question 5

what is spina bifida commonly associated with

Answer 5

hydrocephalus

displaced cerrebellum

Question 6

what does the forebrain develop from

Answer 6

prosencephalon

Question 7

what does the midbrain develop from

Answer 7

Mesencephalon

Question 8

what does the hindbrain (cerebellum and brainstem) develop from

Answer 8

Rhombencephalon

Question 9

describe the development of the forebrain

Answer 9

Grows two lateral expansions

connected to a central slit like space

Question 10

describe the development of the midbrain

Answer 10

Grows slower than the forebrain

remains as single central tube

Question 11

describe the development of the hindbrain

Answer 11

Develops into (rest of the) brain stem
and cerebellum with a central ventricle
expanding

Question 12

what disorders can arise from defective neural crest development (autosomal dominant)

Answer 12

Waardenburg
pigment abnormalities
deafness
heterochromia
telecanthus
Pax-3 deletion

Treacher Collins  
TCOF1 gene (treacle)
abnormal eye shape
hearing loss
zygoma 
malformed ears

Question 13

what structures do neural crest cells go on to form

Answer 13

skull
sensory and autonomic NS
pigment cells

ganglia
adrenal medulla
melanocytes
connective tissue
neurones and glia 
etc

Question 14

what are neural crest cells

Answer 14

originally found in the neural plate

during neuralation they leave the neural plate when it becomes a tube
and lie on either side of the tube

neural crest cells then move to the mesoderm

Question 15

what is the function of the notochord

Answer 15

induces the neural plate by producing chemicals Noggin,
chordin,
follistatin

Question 16

what is the structure found in the middle of the developing spinal cord

Answer 16

sulcus limitans

Question 17

what structure is the 4th ventricle opposite

Answer 17

pons

Question 18

what does the cerebellum develop from

Answer 18

dorsal wall of neural tube

Question 19

what are two components of the hindbrain/ rhombencephalon

Answer 19

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

myelencephalon (medulla)

Question 20

what structure splits up the basal ganglia into the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

Answer 20

internal capsule

Question 21

what structures make up the lentiform nucleus

Answer 21

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 22

where is the fornix

Answer 22

below the corpus callosum

Question 23

what is the function of the fornix

Answer 23

connects the hippocampus to anterior structures

Question 24

what structures are related to the third ventricle

Answer 24

diencephalon and thalamus

Question 25

from what day is a midline groove apparent

Answer 25

19

Question 26

when do the neuropores close

Answer 26

rostral: 23
caudal: 27