16. Cockpit Management and Automation Flashcards
The Multi-Crew Concept
The multi-crew concept serves what 2 purposes
- REDUNDANCY
- DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY & WORKLOAD SHARING
574
The Multi-Crew Concept
The following definition is which of the 2 multi-crew purposes;
“If a pilot becomes incapacitated there is at least one other to carry on the task of flying”
REDUNDANCY
division of responsibility and workload sharing
574
The Multi-Crew Concept
The following definition is which of the 2 mutli-crew purposes;
“Neither crew member becomes overloaded where they lose situational awareness or exceed capacity”
redundancy
DIVISION OF REPSONSIBILITY & WORKLOAD SHARING
574
The Multi-Crew Concept
What are the 2 fundamental elements of the multi-crew concept
- COOPERATION
- COMMUNICATION
574
The Multi-Crew Concept
Standards set out by airlines on the division of responsibility between crew members are known as what
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
(SOPs)
574
The Multi-Crew Concept
SOPs significantly contribute to avoiding and reducing threats and errors by reducing (i) ____ and (ii) ____ or (iii) ____ actions
- AMBIGUITY
- UNEXPECTED
- UNANTICIPATED
575
The Multi-Crew Concept
A key disadvantage of SOPs over time
BECOME HABIT
575
The Multi-Crew Concept
What is the key purpose of the crew briefing
REMIND CREW OF ACTIONS
remind crew of actions to be taken during critical stages of flight
576
The Multi-Crew Concept
A meeting to remind crew members of the actions to be taken during critical phases of flight
CREW BRIEFING
576
The Multi-Crew Concept
Crew briefings formalise and re-state;
- DIVSIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY
- PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
- ROUTINE FACTORS
- ACTIONS IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
- PRE-TAKE OFF AND PRE-LANDING BRIEFINGS
- DIVSIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY
- PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
- ROUTINE FACTORS
- ACTIONS IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
- PRE-TAKE OFF AND PRE-LANDING BRIEFINGS
576
The Multi-Crew Concept
A method of ensuring that the aircraft is operated in acordance with the manufacturers recommendations
CHECKLISTS
577
The Multi-Crew Concept
What is the purpose of a checklist and proper checklist discipline
AIRCRAFT OPERATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURERS RECOMMEDNATIONS
577
The Multi-Crew Concept
5 key things that checklists are designed to do as well as ensuring the aircraft is operated in accordance with manufacturers recommendations;
- ____ of forgetting to carry out vital actions
- Ensure that checks are carried out ____
- Appropriately schedule checks for ____
- Designed to be ____
- Encourage ____ between crew members
- REDUCE THE RISK
- IN THE CORRECT SEQUENCE
- PERIODS OF LOW WORKLOAD
- INTUITIVE AND ERGONOMIC
- COOPERATION AND CROSS CHECKING
577
The Multi-Crew Concept
What are the 2 principal types of checklist
- TO-DO-LIST
- VERIFICATION LIST
578
The Multi-Crew Concept
The following is an example of which of the 2 types of checklist;
“actions carried out as the checklist is read”
TO-DO-LIST
verification list
578
The Multi-Crew Concept
The following is an example of whcih of the 2 types of checklist;
“read out to confirm that actions have been completed”
to-do-list
VERIFICATION LIST
578
The Multi-Crew Concept
In both the to-do-list and verification list checklist methods, a ____ and ____ system is used
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE
578
The Multi-Crew Concept
To reduce the risk of action slips when carrying out checklist items, it is good practice to do what before implemention the action
PHYSICALLY POINT TO COCKPIT ITEM
579
The Multi-Crew Concept
An important countermeasure against ineffective monitoring of the instruments or automatics i.e. “1,000ft to go”
CALL-OUTS
579
Automation
A method of reducing workload and possibility of human error
AUTOMATION
580
Automation
Errors using and managing automation account towards ____% of approach and landing accidents
20%
580
Automation
4 culprit behaviours linked to errors using and managing automation are;
- Inadequate ____
- Incorrect ____ with automation
- ____ on automation
- Ineffective ____ and mutual backup
- Inadequate SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
- Incorrect INTERACTION with automation
- OVER RELIANCE on automation
- Ineffective CREW CROSS-CHECKING and mutual backup
580
Automation
Is the following an example of a Boeing or Airbus automation philosophy;
“ensures that the pilot is the operator of last resort”
BOEING
580
Automation
Is the following an example of a Boeing or Airbus automation philosophy;
“overrides what it considers to be an unachievable or dangerous pilot control input”
AIRBUS
580
Automation
Automated systems are able to fly the aircraft in what manner better than humans.
This results in what for the passengers
- SMOOTHLY
- BETTER COMFORT
581
Automation
Advanced automation allows crews to operate safetly in what in relation to the aircraft limitiations that would otherwise be unobtainable by a human
ENVELOPE
581
Automation
Automation can contribute to ____% of fuel savings
3-5%
581
Automation
Why does modern automation allow for 2-crew aircraft
FLIGHT ENGINEER FUNCTIONS SEMI-AUTOMATED
581
Automation
By automation relieving the pilots of routine workload, what does this allow them to do
CONCENTRATE ON HIGHER-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
i.e. critial situations
581
Automation
A task that humans are inherently bad at
MONITORING
582
Automation
A factor that can contribute to exacerbating humans being bad at monitoring is what
aircraft design
ERGONOMICS
582
Automation
A key threat associated with automation as a result of the pilot being ‘out of the loop’
CRITICAL LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS
584
Automation
Indications for each mode of automation are sometimes not immediately apparent. This can lead to what
LACK OF MODE AWARENESS and CONFUSION
585
Automation
Automated systems filter the information presented to the crew. What can this lead to
LACK OF AWARENESS
of what is really going on
585
Automation
A sense of satisfaction resulting from, or causing, a general lack of critical analysis of the circumstances
COMPLACENCY
585
Automation
The term used when a crew tend to become passive monitors of a system and fail to actively question its performance
AUTOMATION COMPLACENCY
585
Automation
A threat of automation, especially in long haul pilots
LOSS OF MANUAL FLYING SKILLS
586
Automation
Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below;
“Deciding which of many simultaneous abnormal conditions should be dealt with first”
PRIORITISING TASKS
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS
PRIORITISING TASKS
balancing safety considerations against precision
dealing creatively with unknowns
587
Automation
Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below;
“not allowing the aircraft to deviate from its programmed path in a very heavy turbulence and therefore not minimising excessive forces on the airframe”
PRIORITISING TASKS
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS
prioritising tasks
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
dealing creatively with unknowns
587
Automation
Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below;
“an area in which humans excel over automation providing they recognise the condition and take back control from automation”
PRIORITISING TASKS
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS
prioritising tasks
balancing safety considerations against precision
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS
587
Automation
A method of countermeasuring the threat of automation and the confusion of knowing if the pilot or automation is in charge of a system
REVERT TO LOWER LEVEL OF AUTOMATION
reverting to a level of automation which requires the human to be more involved with controlling the flight path
588
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Failure to take-over from automation when needed, or taking over too late”
INTIMIDATION
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Excessive delegation to the automated systems”
OVERCONFIDENCE and OVER RELIANCE
594
Using Autmoation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Adopting a passive attitude towards, or lack of active supervision of, automation”
COMPLACENCY
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“selecting an incorrect mode”
INADVERTANT ARMING OR ENGAGEMENT OF MODE
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Insufficient reference to flight management displays and not checking after an action is taken”
FAILURE TO VERIFY THE MODE ARMED OR ENGAGED
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Selcing a wrong or inappropriate altitude, speed, or heading mode or value and then failing to confirm the selected target on the PFD”
PFD - Primary Flight Display
INCORRECT TARGET SELECTION
594
Using Autmoation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Selecting an altitude below the final approach intercept altitude during the approach”
INCORRECT ALTITUDE SELECTION
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“accidently navigating to the wrong position or coordinates”
INCORRECT WAYPOINT INSERTION
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Arming the lateral navigation mode with an incorrect active waypoint”
NAVIGATING TO THE WRONG WAYPOINT
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Tunnel vision, especially during a critical flight phase, with consequent loss of situational awareness”
PREOCCUPATION WITH FMS PROGRAMMING
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Insufficient understanding of modes. Not knowing about transitions from one mode to another or how one mode may revert to another”
CONFUSION ABOUT MODES
594
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Preventing the pilot flying (PF) from monitoring the flight path and airspeed. Both pilots being engaged in the management of automation or in solving an unanticipated situation or abnormal condition”
INADEQUATE TASK SHARING and/or CRM PRACTICES
CRM - Crew Resource Management
595
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“As example, engaging autopilot with the flight director bars largely not centred usually after a period of hand flying the aircraft without following the flight director”
DISORDERLY ENGAEMENT OF AUTOPILOT
595
Using Automation
Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;
“Failure to set the correct final approach course”
FAILURE TO ARM APPROACH MODE
595
Using Automation
When using automation, you should follow what 3 steps technique
- ANTICIPATE
- EXECUTE
- CONFIRM
597
Using Automation
Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below;
“Understand the likely results of any action and be aware of any mode whcih is being engaged or armed”
ANTICIPATE
597
Using Automation
Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below;
“Perform the necessary action or mode selection”
EXECUTE
597
Using Automation
Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below;
“Cross-check and then announce the result”
CONFIRM
597
