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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 16. Cockpit Management and Automation > Flashcards

16. Cockpit Management and Automation Flashcards

1
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

The multi-crew concept serves what 2 purposes

A
  1. REDUNDANCY
  2. DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY & WORKLOAD SHARING

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2
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following definition is which of the 2 multi-crew purposes;

“If a pilot becomes incapacitated there is at least one other to carry on the task of flying”

A

REDUNDANCY
division of responsibility and workload sharing

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3
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following definition is which of the 2 mutli-crew purposes;

“Neither crew member becomes overloaded where they lose situational awareness or exceed capacity”

A

redundancy
DIVISION OF REPSONSIBILITY & WORKLOAD SHARING

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4
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

What are the 2 fundamental elements of the multi-crew concept

A
  1. COOPERATION
  2. COMMUNICATION

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5
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

Standards set out by airlines on the division of responsibility between crew members are known as what

A

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
(SOPs)

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6
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

SOPs significantly contribute to avoiding and reducing threats and errors by reducing (i) ____ and (ii) ____ or (iii) ____ actions

A
  1. AMBIGUITY
  2. UNEXPECTED
  3. UNANTICIPATED

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7
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

A key disadvantage of SOPs over time

A

BECOME HABIT

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8
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

What is the key purpose of the crew briefing

A

REMIND CREW OF ACTIONS
remind crew of actions to be taken during critical stages of flight

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9
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

A meeting to remind crew members of the actions to be taken during critical phases of flight

A

CREW BRIEFING

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10
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

Crew briefings formalise and re-state;

  1. DIVSIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY
  2. PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
  3. ROUTINE FACTORS
  4. ACTIONS IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY
  5. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  6. PRE-TAKE OFF AND PRE-LANDING BRIEFINGS
A
  1. DIVSIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY
  2. PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
  3. ROUTINE FACTORS
  4. ACTIONS IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY
  5. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  6. PRE-TAKE OFF AND PRE-LANDING BRIEFINGS

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11
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

A method of ensuring that the aircraft is operated in acordance with the manufacturers recommendations

A

CHECKLISTS

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12
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

What is the purpose of a checklist and proper checklist discipline

A

AIRCRAFT OPERATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURERS RECOMMEDNATIONS

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13
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

5 key things that checklists are designed to do as well as ensuring the aircraft is operated in accordance with manufacturers recommendations;

  1. ____ of forgetting to carry out vital actions
  2. Ensure that checks are carried out ____
  3. Appropriately schedule checks for ____
  4. Designed to be ____
  5. Encourage ____ between crew members
A
  1. REDUCE THE RISK
  2. IN THE CORRECT SEQUENCE
  3. PERIODS OF LOW WORKLOAD
  4. INTUITIVE AND ERGONOMIC
  5. COOPERATION AND CROSS CHECKING

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14
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

What are the 2 principal types of checklist

A
  1. TO-DO-LIST
  2. VERIFICATION LIST

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15
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following is an example of which of the 2 types of checklist;

“actions carried out as the checklist is read”

A

TO-DO-LIST
verification list

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16
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

The following is an example of whcih of the 2 types of checklist;

“read out to confirm that actions have been completed”

A

to-do-list
VERIFICATION LIST

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17
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

In both the to-do-list and verification list checklist methods, a ____ and ____ system is used

A

CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE

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18
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

To reduce the risk of action slips when carrying out checklist items, it is good practice to do what before implemention the action

A

PHYSICALLY POINT TO COCKPIT ITEM

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19
Q

The Multi-Crew Concept

An important countermeasure against ineffective monitoring of the instruments or automatics i.e. “1,000ft to go”

A

CALL-OUTS

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20
Q

Automation

A method of reducing workload and possibility of human error

A

AUTOMATION

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21
Q

Automation

Errors using and managing automation account towards ____% of approach and landing accidents

A

20%

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22
Q

Automation

4 culprit behaviours linked to errors using and managing automation are;

  1. Inadequate ____
  2. Incorrect ____ with automation
  3. ____ on automation
  4. Ineffective ____ and mutual backup
A
  1. Inadequate SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
  2. Incorrect INTERACTION with automation
  3. OVER RELIANCE on automation
  4. Ineffective CREW CROSS-CHECKING and mutual backup

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23
Q

Automation

Is the following an example of a Boeing or Airbus automation philosophy;

“ensures that the pilot is the operator of last resort”

A

BOEING

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24
Q

Automation

Is the following an example of a Boeing or Airbus automation philosophy;

“overrides what it considers to be an unachievable or dangerous pilot control input”

A

AIRBUS

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25
Q

Automation

Automated systems are able to fly the aircraft in what manner better than humans.
This results in what for the passengers

A
  1. SMOOTHLY
  2. BETTER COMFORT

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26
Q

Automation

Advanced automation allows crews to operate safetly in what in relation to the aircraft limitiations that would otherwise be unobtainable by a human

A

ENVELOPE

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27
Q

Automation

Automation can contribute to ____% of fuel savings

A

3-5%

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28
Q

Automation

Why does modern automation allow for 2-crew aircraft

A

FLIGHT ENGINEER FUNCTIONS SEMI-AUTOMATED

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29
Q

Automation

By automation relieving the pilots of routine workload, what does this allow them to do

A

CONCENTRATE ON HIGHER-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
i.e. critial situations

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30
Q

Automation

A task that humans are inherently bad at

A

MONITORING

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31
Q

Automation

A factor that can contribute to exacerbating humans being bad at monitoring is what

aircraft design

A

ERGONOMICS

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32
Q

Automation

A key threat associated with automation as a result of the pilot being ‘out of the loop’

A

CRITICAL LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS

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33
Q

Automation

Indications for each mode of automation are sometimes not immediately apparent. This can lead to what

A

LACK OF MODE AWARENESS and CONFUSION

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34
Q

Automation

Automated systems filter the information presented to the crew. What can this lead to

A

LACK OF AWARENESS
of what is really going on

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35
Q

Automation

A sense of satisfaction resulting from, or causing, a general lack of critical analysis of the circumstances

A

COMPLACENCY

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36
Q

Automation

The term used when a crew tend to become passive monitors of a system and fail to actively question its performance

A

AUTOMATION COMPLACENCY

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37
Q

Automation

A threat of automation, especially in long haul pilots

A

LOSS OF MANUAL FLYING SKILLS

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38
Q

Automation

Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below;

“Deciding which of many simultaneous abnormal conditions should be dealt with first”

PRIORITISING TASKS
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

A

PRIORITISING TASKS
balancing safety considerations against precision
dealing creatively with unknowns

587

39
Q

Automation

Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below;

“not allowing the aircraft to deviate from its programmed path in a very heavy turbulence and therefore not minimising excessive forces on the airframe”

PRIORITISING TASKS
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

A

prioritising tasks
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
dealing creatively with unknowns

587

40
Q

Automation

Which of the following 3 things that automation is not very good at is defined below;

“an area in which humans excel over automation providing they recognise the condition and take back control from automation”

PRIORITISING TASKS
BALANCING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AGAINST PRECISION
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

A

prioritising tasks
balancing safety considerations against precision
DEALING CREATIVELY WITH UNKNOWNS

587

41
Q

Automation

A method of countermeasuring the threat of automation and the confusion of knowing if the pilot or automation is in charge of a system

A

REVERT TO LOWER LEVEL OF AUTOMATION

reverting to a level of automation which requires the human to be more involved with controlling the flight path

588

42
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Failure to take-over from automation when needed, or taking over too late”

A

INTIMIDATION

594

43
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Excessive delegation to the automated systems”

A

OVERCONFIDENCE and OVER RELIANCE

594

44
Q

Using Autmoation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Adopting a passive attitude towards, or lack of active supervision of, automation”

A

COMPLACENCY

594

45
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“selecting an incorrect mode”

A

INADVERTANT ARMING OR ENGAGEMENT OF MODE

594

46
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Insufficient reference to flight management displays and not checking after an action is taken”

A

FAILURE TO VERIFY THE MODE ARMED OR ENGAGED

594

47
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Selcing a wrong or inappropriate altitude, speed, or heading mode or value and then failing to confirm the selected target on the PFD”

PFD - Primary Flight Display

A

INCORRECT TARGET SELECTION

594

48
Q

Using Autmoation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Selecting an altitude below the final approach intercept altitude during the approach”

A

INCORRECT ALTITUDE SELECTION

594

49
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“accidently navigating to the wrong position or coordinates”

A

INCORRECT WAYPOINT INSERTION

594

50
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Arming the lateral navigation mode with an incorrect active waypoint”

A

NAVIGATING TO THE WRONG WAYPOINT

594

51
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Tunnel vision, especially during a critical flight phase, with consequent loss of situational awareness”

A

PREOCCUPATION WITH FMS PROGRAMMING

594

52
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Insufficient understanding of modes. Not knowing about transitions from one mode to another or how one mode may revert to another”

A

CONFUSION ABOUT MODES

594

53
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Preventing the pilot flying (PF) from monitoring the flight path and airspeed. Both pilots being engaged in the management of automation or in solving an unanticipated situation or abnormal condition”

A

INADEQUATE TASK SHARING and/or CRM PRACTICES

CRM - Crew Resource Management

595

54
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“As example, engaging autopilot with the flight director bars largely not centred usually after a period of hand flying the aircraft without following the flight director”

A

DISORDERLY ENGAEMENT OF AUTOPILOT

595

55
Q

Using Automation

Human factors are often observed in accidents attributable to automation. What does the following define;

“Failure to set the correct final approach course”

A

FAILURE TO ARM APPROACH MODE

595

56
Q

Using Automation

When using automation, you should follow what 3 steps technique

A
  1. ANTICIPATE
  2. EXECUTE
  3. CONFIRM

597

57
Q

Using Automation

Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below;

“Understand the likely results of any action and be aware of any mode whcih is being engaged or armed”

A

ANTICIPATE

597

58
Q

Using Automation

Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below;

“Perform the necessary action or mode selection”

A

EXECUTE

597

59
Q

Using Automation

Which of the following of the 3 steps techniques you should follow when using automation is defined below;

“Cross-check and then announce the result”

A

CONFIRM

597

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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