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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 11. Perceptual Errors > Flashcards

11. Perceptual Errors Flashcards

1
Q

Visual Illusions

The mental model of the world is constructed using ____, which without we would not be able to perceive its 3 dimensions.

A

VISUAL CUES

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2
Q

Visual Illusions

What is the stereoscopic distance limit

A

60m

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3
Q

Visual Illusions

To perceive depth outside of the stereoscopic limit of 60m, a combination of what 3 things in regards to features in or on the landscape help

  1. ____ : how big
  2. ____ : sharp or not
  3. ____ : railway lines disappearing in the distance
A
  1. ACTUAL SIZE
  2. OBSERVABLE DETAIL (near or far objects)
  3. CONVERGENCE OF LINE FEATURES

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4
Q

Visual Illusions

Objects are perceived as distant when the object is ____ or has ____

A
  1. HAZY
  2. INDISTINCT COLOUR

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5
Q

Visual Illusions

Clear, well defined objects are interpreted as being NEAR or FAR

A

NEAR

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6
Q

Visual Illusions

What 3 weather phenomena’s can affect depth perception

A
  1. FOG
  2. MIST
  3. HAZE

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7
Q

Visual Illusions

Objects obscured by mist or fog appear to be NEAR or FAR

A

FAR

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8
Q

Visual Illusions

When texture cues are abscent, what judgement can be extremely difficult

landing an aircraft

A

HEIGHT

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9
Q

Visual Illusions

What does the brain instinctively use to make judgements about speed

A

RELATIVE MOVEMENT

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10
Q

Vestibular Illusions

REWRITE THIS CARD!!!
Causes of vestibular illusions have 4 fundamental roots;

  1. ____ : gravity
  2. ____ : putting your foot down
  3. ____ : cannot feel it
  4. ____ : no clues
A
  1. Vestibular system assumes linear accelerations of 1g are the effect of gravity
  2. Vestibular system can only detect initial angular accelerations
  3. Vestibular system has a threshold below which external stimuli do not trigger
  4. Insuffucient visual information to correct the minds misinterpretation of the vestibular information

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11
Q

Vestibular Illusions

The hairs bending backwards in what 2 inner ear chambers causing the brain to interpret the message as a change in orientation

A

UTRILCE & SACCULE

Ololiths

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12
Q

Vestibular Illusions

The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what

A

SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION

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13
Q

Vestibular Illusions

A forward acceleration makes you feel like you are pitching UP or DOWN

A

UP

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14
Q

Vestibular Illusions

A deceleration makes you feel like you are pitching UP or DOWN

A

DOWN

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15
Q

Vestibular Illusions

The semi-circular canals detect angular acceleration as a result of what happening inside of them

pronounced relative movement between the fluid and canal

A

INERTIA OF FLUID
inertia of fluid inside of the canal causes pronounced relative movement between the fluid and canal

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16
Q

Vestibular Illusions

In a prolonged turn when the fluid in the canal is accelerating at the same rotational speed as the canal itself, this gives the illusion of what

A

BEING STATIONARY

Prolonged turn the walls of the canals eventually give enough energy to the fluid to accelerate it to the same rotational speeds as the canal itself. Once this happens there is no movement of fluid relative to the canal structure and the hairs return to their unbent condition. This results in the illusion of being stationary when in fact the head is still rotating.

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17
Q

Vestibular Illusions

When a rotation of the head stops, inertia of the fluid within the canal continues even though the canals themselves are no longer moving. This gives the illusion of what

A

RAPID ROTATION

When the rotation of the head stops, the inertia of the fluid causes it to continuie rotating even when the canals themselves have stopped. The brain senses a rapid rotation, from what it thought was a stationary state.

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18
Q

Vestibular Illusions

The following explanation is a description of what sort of illusion;

  1. Stationary - Molecule of fluid is stationary within the canal
  2. Rotation begins - Molecule of fluid is still stationary but there is now relative movement between it and the canal
  3. Rotation continues - Molecule of fluid starts to accelerate, relative movement starts to reduce
  4. Rotation continues - Molcule of fluid at same rotational velocity as the canal. No relative movement is detected (an illusion)
  5. Rotation stops - Canal suddenly stops rotation. Molecule of fluid continues to rotate with inertia. Hair bends with the direction of inertia.

LINK HERE

A

SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSION

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19
Q

Vestibular Illusions

What sort of condition and action combined is likely to cause a somatogyral illusion

A

PROLONGED TURN at NIGHT or IN CLOUD

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20
Q

Vestibular Illusions

One of the causes of the leans is what illusions

A

SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSION

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21
Q

Vestibular Illusions

A phenomenon in which a pilot flying without visual reference has an overpowering sense of gently rolling or pitching is known as what

A

THE LEANS

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22
Q

Vestibular Illusions

A cross coupled stimulation of 2 or more canals which can cause a sensation fo violent rolling, pitching or tumbling is called what
It can occur as a result of what

A
  1. CORIOLIS ILLUSION
  2. MOVING HEAD DURING SUSTAINED MANOEUVRE

During a sustatined manoeuvre without visual references, must keep head still.
Elements of acceleration can be misinterpreted if you move your head

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23
Q

Vestibular Illusions

What are the 3 symptoms of the coriolis illusion

A
  1. ROLLING
  2. PITCHING
  3. TUMBLING

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24
Q

Vestibular Illusions

What are the 3 symptoms of vertigo

A
  1. WHIRLING
  2. SPINNING
  3. TUMBLING

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25
Q

Vestibular Illusions

A condition brought on as a result of a disorder of the vestibular system that gives a sense of whirling, spinning, or tumbling

A

VERTIGO

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26
Q

Vestibular Illusions

Vertigo can induce what

A

MOTION SICKNESS
and as a result, nausea and vomiting

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27
Q

Vestibular Illusions

What is one of the most common causes of vertigo

A

ALCOHOL

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28
Q

Vestibular Illusions

Effects of alcohol can last on the vestibular system for how long after consumption

A

3 days

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29
Q

Vestibular Illusions

It is possible to realise you are suffering from coriolis effect whilst maintaining a good understanding of the orientation of your body in the aircraft. In such cases, what is the overriding function over the misleading sensory perceptions

A

COGNITIVE AWARENESS

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30
Q

Proprioception Illusions

Pressure on your buttocks that makes your brain assume you are sitting up is sensed by what body part

A

MECHANORECEPTORS

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31
Q

Proprioception Illusions

Unless there is a visual reference telling you otherwise, pressure sensed by your mechanoreceptors upto ____g will tell our brain you are sitting up

A

1g

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32
Q

Proprioception Illusions

The name given to mechanoreceptors sensing 1g and telling your body you are sitting up

A

SEAT OF YOUR PANTS SENSE

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33
Q

Proprioception Illusions

Seat of the pants sense can lead to severe loss of situation awareness under what conditions

A

VISUAL INFORMATION IS ABSENT OR LIMITED
Cloud or dark night

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34
Q

Proprioception Illusions

When visual references are lost and situational awareness is loss due to seat of the pants sense, what is the only corrective measure

A

BELIEVE AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

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35
Q

Motion Illusions

Illusions associated with motion are typically attributed to what 2 causes

A
  1. SMALL ACCELERATIONS
  2. HABITUATION

Small accelerations - undetectable by vestibular system. Impossible to sense movement
Habituation - prolonged exposure to stimuli, decreased responses from sensory neurons

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36
Q

Motion Illusions

An illusion caused by the eye being deprived of almost all background information

A

AUTOKINETIC

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37
Q

Motion Illusions

What is the symptom of a autokinetic illusion

A

LIGHT SOURCE APPEARING TO MOVE RANDOMLY

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38
Q

Motion Illusions

The eye continuously making small movements is known as what

side to side

A

SACCADES

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39
Q

Motion Illusions

Eye movements less than ____° cannot be detected by the brain

A

6°

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40
Q

Motion Illusions

What is it that the brain cannot detect movement less than 6°

A

PROPRIOCEPTORS IN THE EYE MUSCLE LESS SENSITIVE
less sensitive than other muscles in the body

328

41
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

What weather condition may make a pilot underestimate their taxiing speed

A

BLOWING SNOW with TAILWIND

blowing snow with tailwind passing by the windows may make a pilot inadvertently use the relative speed of the snowflakes as a cue for taxiing speed

329

42
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

What is a known risk when converting from an aircraft from a lower flight deck to a higher one

A

TAXIING TO FAST

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43
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A long landing roll at high speed may result in what sensory deprivation that could make a pilot underestimate their taxi exit way speed

A

HABITUATION

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44
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

On take off on a dark night with a low all up mass, what sort of illusion is a pilot possibly likely to experience

A

SOMATOGRAVIC

The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what

330

45
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A rapid deceleration in flight that can trigger a sensation of pitching down can be brought on by what aircraft configuration

A

IDLE POWER WITH SPEED BRAKES

331

46
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A very insidious visual illusion brought on by sloping clouds

A

FALSE HORIZON

331

47
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A false horizon visual illusion can often be brought on by what seen in the sky

A

SLOPING CLOUDS

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48
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Why is a steadily rising valley floor known to be a typical cause of pilot accidents

A

VALLEY SIDES PREVENT VIEW OF TRUE HORIZON

Valley floor is rising, pilot flies the aircraft parallel to the floor, believing to be straight and level when infact they are climbing. This visual reference is lost due to valley walls preventing you knowing your true orientation.

332

49
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

In artic regions where the atmosphere is far less polluted, far objects appear CLOSER or FURTHER AWAY than they really are
Why

A
  1. CLOSER
  2. LESS HAZING, VERY CLEAR AIR

333

50
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Trying to judge an aircrafts distance by lights alone can be very difficult when the autokinetic effect can cause an aircraft in the distance appear to move position on the horizon. This is worse under what conditions

A

NIGHT in SPARSELY POPULATED AREA

333

51
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A common illusion in visual cruise flight

A

ELEVATION OF RELATIVE ALTITUDE

mountains at a distance appear above the aircraft when in fact they are far below

333

52
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Pilots use what 3 visual cues to help judge approach and flare

  1. ____ : judge distance and height
  2. ____ : judge approach angle
  3. ____ : judge both impact point and flare
A
  1. TEXTURE AND COLOUR
  2. HORIZON
  3. TEXTURE FLOW

334

53
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Pilots use what 3 visual cues to help judge approach and flare

  1. TEXTURE AND COLOUR : ____
  2. HORIZON : ____
  3. TEXTURE FLOW : ____
A
  1. TEXTURE AND COLOUR : judge distance and height
  2. HORIZON : judge approach angle
  3. TEXTURE FLOW : judge both impact point and flare

334

54
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Texture detail reduces with what

not weather

A

DISTANCE

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55
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

We subconsiously judge the angle of approach by comparing the runway to the horizon when missing what 3 visual aids on approach

A
  1. PAPI
  2. VASI
  3. ILS

336

56
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

If PAPI, VASI, and ILS are missing on approach, how will we subconsciosly judge the approach angle

A

COMPARE RUNWAY TO HORIZON

336

57
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

On a level surface, converging lines forming on the horizon is known as what

A

VANISHING POINT

336

58
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

When there is no horizon due to bad visibility, we mentally extend the sides of the runway to the vanishing point. What is the risk of this

A

BRAIN ASSUMES RUNWAY IS ON LEVEL SURFACE

336

59
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

An up sloping runway gives the illusion of being HIGH or LOW on approach
A down sloping runway gives the illusion of being HIGH or LOW on approach

A
  1. HIGH
  2. LOW

REMEMBER
To go HIGH we must go UP
To go LOW we must go DOWN

337

60
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

When approaching a down sloping runway, you will tend to be HIGH or LOW on approach
When approaching an up sloping runway, you will tend to be HIGH or LOW on approach

A
  1. HIGH
  2. LOW

REMEMBER
An up sloping gives the impression you are high on approach, so you will tend to correct by going lower
A down sloping gives the impression you are low on approach, so you will tend to correct by going higher

337

61
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

In the latter stages of flight, the brain will subconsciously use what to help judge the visual aiming point

A

TEXTURE FLOW

338

62
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

The point where the line of approach from your eye point meets the runway is known as what

A

AIMING POINT

338

63
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

What is the definition of the aiming point

A

POINT WHERE LINE OF APPROACH FROM EYE MEETS RUNWAY

338

64
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

In what directions does texture flow specifically only from the aiming point

A

OUTWARDS IN ALL DIRECTIONS

338

65
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

What are 2 possible consequences of reduced visibility of the texture flow

A
  1. LATE ROUND OUT
  2. POORLY JUDGED TOUCHDOWN POSITION

338

66
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Where is the touchdown point in reference to the aiming point

A

FURTHER BEHIND
EXAMPLE

339

67
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A SHALLOW or STEEP approach will result in a larger difference between the aiming and touchdown points

A

SHALLOW

339

68
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

An extremely dangerous illusion that happens at night on visual approach to a runway surrounded by dark terrain

A

BLACK HOLE EFFECT

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69
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

The definition of the black hole effect

A

DANGEROUS ILLUSION
HAPPENS AT NIGHT ON APPROACH TO RUNWAY SURROUNDED BY DARK TERRAIN

340

70
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

What does the black hole effect result in

A

EXCESSIVELY LOW HEIGHT IN FINAL STAGES OF FLIGHT
and;
DANGEROUSLY REDUCED SEPARATION FROM OBSTACLES

340

71
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

The black hole effect is more pronounced on what sort of runway

A

SHORT RUNWAY

340

72
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

The black hole effect is most dangerous on what sort of runways

A

UP-SLOPING RUNWAY

1.04% can result in CFIT

340

73
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

What is the human effect which results in the dangers associated with the black hole effect

A

DEEP ROOTED TENDANCY TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT VISUAL ANGLE ON APPROACH

341

74
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

The tendancy to maintain a constant visual approach angle in the day is good technique when there is a horizon for visual reference. At night, there is no horizon a visual reference point and the pilot will will therefore subconsciously use what, which results in the the wrong angles being flown

A

ANGLE BETEEN APPROACH END AND DEPATURE LIGHTS

341

75
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

At night, the only way to maintain the approach angle is to fly what, and avoid a constant ____° approach

A
  1. VERTICALLY CURVING APPROACH
  2. 3°

341

76
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Complete the missing fields on the following graph;

Graph

This is a representation of what

A
  1. 3°
  2. CONSTANT VERTICAL ANGLE
  3. OBSTACLE CLEARANCE SURFACE
  4. CONSTANT VERTIFICAL ANGLE APPROACH TO LEVEL RUNWAY AT NIGHT

COMPLETED GRAPH

342

77
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

Complete the missing fields on the following graph;

Graph

This is a representation of what

A
  1. 3°
  2. CONSTANT VERTICAL ANGLE
  3. GROUND LEVEL
  4. CONSTANT VERTIFICAL ANGLE APPROACH TO UP-SLOPING RUNWAY

COMPLETED GRAPH

342

78
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

You should ideally avoid a visual approach to a runway at night with dark terrain to avoid the black hole effect, in particular if it a short or upsloping runway. If unavoidable, use ILS, or PAPI or VASI.
If these visual references are unavailable, then the pilot should do what to provide some measure of protection on approach

A

CONSTANT CROSS REFERENCING BETWEEN DISTANCE TO GO AND ALTIMETER

343

79
Q

Illusions by Phase of Flight

A missed approach, which is a large and rapid change in speed from slow-flight approach, is the perfect condition what what illusion

A

SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION

The illusion of feeling like you are pitching up or pitching down as a result of acceleration or deceleration is known as what

343

80
Q

Counter measures

Flight in cloudy, foggy or misty conditions increase the risk of illusion and what

A

LOSS OF SPATIAL AWARENESS

344

81
Q

Counter measures

What should a pilot do as a countermeasure when flying in IMC

A

USE AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

344

82
Q

Counter measures

The best means and sense to overcoming spatial disorientation is obtaining what

A

VISUAL REFERENCES

345

83
Q

Counter measures

Which body sense is by far the most dominant in establishing spatial orientation

A

VISUAL

345

84
Q

Counter measures

On final approach, visual cues lie within an area known as what

A

VISUAL SEGMENT

345

85
Q

Counter measures

What is the definition of the visual segment

A

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF SURFACE VISIBLE TO YOU

345

86
Q

Counter measures

What is the following a definition of;

“Horizontal distance of surface visible to you”

A

VISUAL SEGMENT

345

87
Q

Counter measures

What is the significance to a pilot of the visual segment

A

SEARCH FOR VISUAL CUES

345

88
Q

Counter measures

A LONG or SHORT visual segment will deprive you of vital visual cues

89
Q

Counter measures

A LONG or SHORT visual segment will provide an abundance of information

90
Q

Counter measures

What are 2 things the pilot can influence to improve the size of the visual segment

A
  1. SITTING HEIGHT
  2. AIRCRAFT ATTITUDE

345

91
Q

Counter measures

How does sitting height influence the visual segment

A

IMPROVES FORWARD VIEW OVER COAMING

345

92
Q

Counter measures

How does aircraft attitude influence the visual segment

A

NOSE DOWN ATTITUDE IMPROVES VISUAL SEGMENT SIZE

345

93
Q

Counter measures

The aircraft attitude and subsequently the influence over the visual segment is influenced by what 2 things when coming into land

A
  1. APPROACH SPEED
  2. FLAP SETTING

More flap equates to lower nose attitude and larger visual segment.
Low speed requires a higher nose attitude huts reducing the size of the visual segment

345

94
Q

Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions

Aircraft on a collision course will by definition remain in what position up until the point of collision

A

CONSTANT ANGLE OF DISPLACEMENT

347

95
Q

Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions

An aircraft on a collision course remaining at a constant angle of displacement will appear what to the pilot and in what plane of view

A
  1. STATIONARY
  2. PERIPHERAL VISION

347

96
Q

Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions

In addition to aircraft appearing stationary in peripheral vision, what is one of the other major dangers associated with airborne collisions

A

HIGH CLOSURE SPEEDS

347

97
Q

Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions

What does TCAS stand for

A

TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

350

98
Q

Visual Search and Mid Air Collisions

staring directly out of the flight deck window is not enough to detect aircraft in the vicinity. How does a pilot perform active visual searching

A

MOVE BODY POSITION AND HEAD

Moving body position and moving your head will actively change your peripheral visual field, covering differnt areas of airspace

350

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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