12. Human Information Processing (5 - 7) Flashcards
Learning
“Relatively permanent changes in behaviour (or potential behaviour) due to past experiences”
This is a defintion of what
LEARNING
382
Learning
What is the most basic form of learning which helps as act instinctively
LEARNING BY ASSOCIATION
For example, we associate “hot” with “pain”
We therefore instictively know to avoid putting our hands into a flame
383
Learning
What is meant by the term classical conditioning
LEARNING A CERTAIN STIMULUS IS ALWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ANOTHER EVENT
384
Learning
Learning that a certian stimulus is almost always associated with another event is a form of what
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
384
Learning
a form of basic learning in which involves voluntary behaviours
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Individual consciously learns to modify their behaviour or develop certain behavrious as it produces a desireable outcome or avoids and undesirable outcome
385
Learning
“An individual consciously learning to modify their behaviour or develop certain behaviours as they produce a desireable outcome or avoids an undesireable outcome”
This is the definition fo what sort of learning
OPERANT CONDITIONING
385
Learning
“Learning by insight from pieces of knowledge and extrapolating them to new intried situations”
This is the definition of what sort of learning
COGNITIVE LEARNING
386
Learning
Cognitive learning involes learning by what
INSIGHT
386
Learning
“An individual studies the behaviours and actions of another and models their own behaviours to match”
This is the definition of what sort of learning
IMITATION
387
Learning
A type of memory that cannot be consciously recalled, such as riding a bike, or speaking a language
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
387
Learning
Procedural memory which involves muscular actions is often referred to as what
MUSCLE MEMORY
387
Learning
How well you learn is dependant on what around you
ENVIRONMENT
388
Learning
You are less likely to learn if you are what 2 things
PYHSIOLOGICALLY or PSYCHOLOGICALLY STRESSED
388
Learning
Reducing physchological stress improves the quality of learning. What is the danger of to little stress
INHIBIT LEARNING
under-aroused
388
Learning
What 2 things is effective learning promoted by
ANTICIPATION & PLANNING
388
Learning
7 factors that promote learning;
- ____ : be prepared
- ____ : naturally excited
- ____ : good mind
- ____ : go over it again and again
- ____ : be awake
- ____ : be alert
- ____ : put into practice
- PLANNING & ANTICIPATION : be prepared
- INTRINSIC MOTIVATION : naturally excited
- GOOD MENTAL HEALTH : good mind
- FREQUENT REHEARSAL : go over it again and again
- CONSCIOUSNESS : be awake
- VIGILANCE : be alert
- PRACTICAL APPLICATION : put into practice
388
Skill
What is the purpose of learning
ACQUIRE SKILLS
389
Skill
What is the definition of a skill
ACQUIRED EXPERTISE AT A TASK
results in increased accuracy and reduced errors
389
Skill
“Acquired expertise at a task which results in increased accuracy and reduced errors”
This is the definition of what
A SKILL
389
Skill
The degree of a skill someone has may be described in what 3 ways of carrying out the skill
- EASE
- RAPIDITY
- PRECISION
389
Skill
The Adaptive Control of Thought model helps to understand how we acquire skills. The model proposes what 3 interconnected systems;
- ____ : memory of all knowledge required to perform the skill
- ____ : series of rules
- ____ : active information being processed
- DECLARATIVE MEMORY : memory of all knowledge required to perform the skill
- PROCEDURAL MEMORY : series of rules
- WORKING MEMORY : active information being processed
389
Skill
An alternative model to the Adaptive Control of Thought model proposes 3 distinct phases as opposed to systems. These phases are;
- ____ : consciously identifying and developing parts of the skill
- ____ : linking component parts of a skill into a smooth action
- ____ : skill becomes automatic
- COGNITIVE PHASE : consciously identifying and developing parts of the skill
- ASSOCIATIVE PHASE : linking component parts of a skill into a smooth action
- AUTONOMOUS PHASE : skill becomes automatic
389
Skill
Not praciticing enough will result in a skill always behing held in what phase of the 3 phase learning model
ASSOCIATIVE PHASE
390
Skill
4 pieces of information gathered in phases to form a mental schema
- ____ : starting point
- ____ : how fast, how high
- ____ : success or failure
- ____ : how it felt
- INITIAL CONDITIONS : starting point
- CHARACTERISTICS OF REQUIRED ACTION : how fast, how high
- RESULTS OF ACTION : success or failure
- SENSORY CONSEQUENCES : how it felt
393
Skill
The 4 elements, (i) initial conditions, (ii) charactersitics required of a required action, (iii) results of the action, and (iv) sensory consequences are used to construct what 2 types of schema
RECALL and RECOGNITION
393
Skill
“initial conditions and past results are used to generate a motor programme to address a new goal”
This is a definition of which mental schema
RECALL
393
Skill
“based on sensory actions and the outcome”
This is a definition of which mental schema
RECOGNITION
393
Skill
What are the 2 phases required in terms of motor programmes
- ____ : requires conscious thought
- ____ : almost no conscious thought, procedural memory
- PLANNING PHASE
- EXECUTION PHASE
393
Skill
A motor programme is a series of CONSCIOUS or SUBCONSCIOUS series of movements tored in what memory which are triggered by CONSCIOUS or SUBCONSCIOUS intentions
- SUBCONSCIOUS
- PROCEDURAL MEMORY
- CONSCIOUS INTENTION
394
Skill
The name of the model that describes the degree of conscious control exercised by the individual over their activity
RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL
396
Skill
In the SRK model, knowledge based tasks are carried out almost completely CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY
RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL
CONSCIOUSLY
396
Skill
In the SRK model, knowledge based tasks are carried out with LITTLE or LOTS of mental effort, and the pilots responses are likely to be FAST or SLOW
RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL
- LOTS OF MENTAL EFFORT
- SLOW RESPONSE
During the knowledge phase a pilot has to exert considerable mental effor to assess the situation. His responses are likely to be slow and after each control input he has to review its effect before taking further action.
396
Skill
In the SRK model, skill based tasks are carried out almost completely CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY
RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL
SUBCONSCIOUSLY
397
Skill
What is the definition of an action slip
PERFORMANCE OF UNINTENDED ACTION
398
Skill
The performance of an unintended action is the definition of what
ACTION SLIP
398
Skill
An action that is carried out perfectly, but was the wrong action for the occassion is an example of what
ACTION SLIP
398
Motivation, Learning and Performance
A word used to describe the initiation, direction and energisation of human behaviour
MOTIVATION
400
Motivation, Learning and Performance
Motivation describes what 3 characteristics of human behaviour to learn a new skill
- INITIATION
- DIRECTION
- ENERGISATION
400
Motivation, Learning and Performance
A ____ individual will learn a skill much faster than an ____ individual
- MOTIVATED
- UNMOTIVATED
400
Motivation, Learning and Performance
Excessive motivation (trying to hard) can lead to what
SLOWER LEARNING & LOWER PERFORMANCE
400
Motivation, Learning and Performance
Motivation is affected by what in relation to a task
DIFFICULTY
a skill perceived to be impossible is very demotivating
400
Motivation, Learning and Performance
What does the Yerkes-Dodson model state in terms of performance
OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE achieved with OPTIMUM LEVEL OF STRESS
401
Motivation, Learning and Performance
High levels of motivation, anxiety or arousal causes what
NARROWING OF ATTENTION
narrows to a point where it becomes selective
401
Motivation, Learning and Performance
A feverish determination to continue in the face of all the evidence suggesting you should not i.e. a flight into bad weather
PRESS-ON-ITIS
401
