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atpl - [mod 1] human performance > 12. Human Information Processing (5 - 7) > Flashcards

12. Human Information Processing (5 - 7) Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

“Relatively permanent changes in behaviour (or potential behaviour) due to past experiences”

This is a defintion of what

A

LEARNING

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2
Q

Learning

What is the most basic form of learning which helps as act instinctively

A

LEARNING BY ASSOCIATION

For example, we associate “hot” with “pain”
We therefore instictively know to avoid putting our hands into a flame

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3
Q

Learning

What is meant by the term classical conditioning

A

LEARNING A CERTAIN STIMULUS IS ALWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ANOTHER EVENT

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4
Q

Learning

Learning that a certian stimulus is almost always associated with another event is a form of what

A

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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5
Q

Learning

a form of basic learning in which involves voluntary behaviours

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Individual consciously learns to modify their behaviour or develop certain behavrious as it produces a desireable outcome or avoids and undesirable outcome

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6
Q

Learning

“An individual consciously learning to modify their behaviour or develop certain behaviours as they produce a desireable outcome or avoids an undesireable outcome”

This is the definition fo what sort of learning

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING

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7
Q

Learning

“Learning by insight from pieces of knowledge and extrapolating them to new intried situations”

This is the definition of what sort of learning

A

COGNITIVE LEARNING

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8
Q

Learning

Cognitive learning involes learning by what

A

INSIGHT

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9
Q

Learning

“An individual studies the behaviours and actions of another and models their own behaviours to match”

This is the definition of what sort of learning

A

IMITATION

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10
Q

Learning

A type of memory that cannot be consciously recalled, such as riding a bike, or speaking a language

A

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

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11
Q

Learning

Procedural memory which involves muscular actions is often referred to as what

A

MUSCLE MEMORY

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12
Q

Learning

How well you learn is dependant on what around you

A

ENVIRONMENT

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13
Q

Learning

You are less likely to learn if you are what 2 things

A

PYHSIOLOGICALLY or PSYCHOLOGICALLY STRESSED

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14
Q

Learning

Reducing physchological stress improves the quality of learning. What is the danger of to little stress

A

INHIBIT LEARNING
under-aroused

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15
Q

Learning

What 2 things is effective learning promoted by

A

ANTICIPATION & PLANNING

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16
Q

Learning

7 factors that promote learning;

  1. ____ : be prepared
  2. ____ : naturally excited
  3. ____ : good mind
  4. ____ : go over it again and again
  5. ____ : be awake
  6. ____ : be alert
  7. ____ : put into practice
A
  1. PLANNING & ANTICIPATION : be prepared
  2. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION : naturally excited
  3. GOOD MENTAL HEALTH : good mind
  4. FREQUENT REHEARSAL : go over it again and again
  5. CONSCIOUSNESS : be awake
  6. VIGILANCE : be alert
  7. PRACTICAL APPLICATION : put into practice

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17
Q

Skill

What is the purpose of learning

A

ACQUIRE SKILLS

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18
Q

Skill

What is the definition of a skill

A

ACQUIRED EXPERTISE AT A TASK
results in increased accuracy and reduced errors

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19
Q

Skill

“Acquired expertise at a task which results in increased accuracy and reduced errors”

This is the definition of what

A

A SKILL

389

20
Q

Skill

The degree of a skill someone has may be described in what 3 ways of carrying out the skill

A
  1. EASE
  2. RAPIDITY
  3. PRECISION

389

21
Q

Skill

The Adaptive Control of Thought model helps to understand how we acquire skills. The model proposes what 3 interconnected systems;

  1. ____ : memory of all knowledge required to perform the skill
  2. ____ : series of rules
  3. ____ : active information being processed
A
  1. DECLARATIVE MEMORY : memory of all knowledge required to perform the skill
  2. PROCEDURAL MEMORY : series of rules
  3. WORKING MEMORY : active information being processed

389

22
Q

Skill

An alternative model to the Adaptive Control of Thought model proposes 3 distinct phases as opposed to systems. These phases are;

  1. ____ : consciously identifying and developing parts of the skill
  2. ____ : linking component parts of a skill into a smooth action
  3. ____ : skill becomes automatic
A
  1. COGNITIVE PHASE : consciously identifying and developing parts of the skill
  2. ASSOCIATIVE PHASE : linking component parts of a skill into a smooth action
  3. AUTONOMOUS PHASE : skill becomes automatic

389

23
Q

Skill

Not praciticing enough will result in a skill always behing held in what phase of the 3 phase learning model

A

ASSOCIATIVE PHASE

390

24
Q

Skill

4 pieces of information gathered in phases to form a mental schema

  1. ____ : starting point
  2. ____ : how fast, how high
  3. ____ : success or failure
  4. ____ : how it felt
A
  1. INITIAL CONDITIONS : starting point
  2. CHARACTERISTICS OF REQUIRED ACTION : how fast, how high
  3. RESULTS OF ACTION : success or failure
  4. SENSORY CONSEQUENCES : how it felt

393

25
Q

Skill

The 4 elements, (i) initial conditions, (ii) charactersitics required of a required action, (iii) results of the action, and (iv) sensory consequences are used to construct what 2 types of schema

A

RECALL and RECOGNITION

393

26
Q

Skill

“initial conditions and past results are used to generate a motor programme to address a new goal”

This is a definition of which mental schema

A

RECALL

393

27
Q

Skill

“based on sensory actions and the outcome”

This is a definition of which mental schema

A

RECOGNITION

393

28
Q

Skill

What are the 2 phases required in terms of motor programmes

  1. ____ : requires conscious thought
  2. ____ : almost no conscious thought, procedural memory
A
  1. PLANNING PHASE
  2. EXECUTION PHASE

393

29
Q

Skill

A motor programme is a series of CONSCIOUS or SUBCONSCIOUS series of movements tored in what memory which are triggered by CONSCIOUS or SUBCONSCIOUS intentions

A
  1. SUBCONSCIOUS
  2. PROCEDURAL MEMORY
  3. CONSCIOUS INTENTION

394

30
Q

Skill

The name of the model that describes the degree of conscious control exercised by the individual over their activity

A

RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

396

31
Q

Skill

In the SRK model, knowledge based tasks are carried out almost completely CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY

RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

A

CONSCIOUSLY

396

32
Q

Skill

In the SRK model, knowledge based tasks are carried out with LITTLE or LOTS of mental effort, and the pilots responses are likely to be FAST or SLOW

RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

A
  1. LOTS OF MENTAL EFFORT
  2. SLOW RESPONSE

During the knowledge phase a pilot has to exert considerable mental effor to assess the situation. His responses are likely to be slow and after each control input he has to review its effect before taking further action.

396

33
Q

Skill

In the SRK model, skill based tasks are carried out almost completely CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY

RASMUSSENS SKILL, RULE KNOWLEDGE (SRK) MODEL

A

SUBCONSCIOUSLY

397

34
Q

Skill

What is the definition of an action slip

A

PERFORMANCE OF UNINTENDED ACTION

398

35
Q

Skill

The performance of an unintended action is the definition of what

A

ACTION SLIP

398

36
Q

Skill

An action that is carried out perfectly, but was the wrong action for the occassion is an example of what

A

ACTION SLIP

398

37
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

A word used to describe the initiation, direction and energisation of human behaviour

A

MOTIVATION

400

38
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

Motivation describes what 3 characteristics of human behaviour to learn a new skill

A
  1. INITIATION
  2. DIRECTION
  3. ENERGISATION

400

39
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

A ____ individual will learn a skill much faster than an ____ individual

A
  1. MOTIVATED
  2. UNMOTIVATED

400

40
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

Excessive motivation (trying to hard) can lead to what

A

SLOWER LEARNING & LOWER PERFORMANCE

400

41
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

Motivation is affected by what in relation to a task

A

DIFFICULTY

a skill perceived to be impossible is very demotivating

400

42
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

Complete the following graph;

Yerkes-Dodson Law

ANSWER OPTIONS

A
  1. Hard Task
  2. Easy Task
  3. Level of performance
  4. Level of arousal or anxiety

COMPLETED

400

43
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

What does the Yerkes-Dodson model state in terms of performance

A

OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE achieved with OPTIMUM LEVEL OF STRESS

401

44
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

High levels of motivation, anxiety or arousal causes what

A

NARROWING OF ATTENTION
narrows to a point where it becomes selective

401

45
Q

Motivation, Learning and Performance

A feverish determination to continue in the face of all the evidence suggesting you should not i.e. a flight into bad weather

A

PRESS-ON-ITIS

401

atpl - [mod 1] human performance (21 decks)

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