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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 12. Human Information Processing (1 - 4) > Flashcards

12. Human Information Processing (1 - 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Information Processing

Information processing involves a number of discrete steps that can broadly be listed as;

  1. ____ : hold
  2. ____ : process or not
  3. ____ : move memory
  4. ____ : use the info
  5. ____ : what to do next
  6. ____ : putting into action
  7. ____ : use the memory again
A
  1. HOLD INFO IN SENSORY STORE : hold
  2. DECIDE IF WORTH PROCESSING OR NOT : process or not
  3. TRANSFER TO TEMPORARY MEMORY STORE : move memory
  4. WORK ON INFORMATION : use the info
  5. DECIDE COURSE OF ACTION : what to do next
  6. IMPLEMENT ACTION : putting into action
  7. STORE IN LONG TERM MEMORY : use the memory again

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2
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Focusing all resources on one set of events to the exclusion of almost all others is known as what

A

ATTENTION

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3
Q

Attention and Vigilance

A usually conscious and intentional activity when focusing on a task often at the expense of other activities

A

ATTENTION

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4
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Attention as an activity is said to be what 2 things

A

CONSCIOUS AND INTENTIONAL

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5
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What is meant by the cocktail party effect

A

SUBCONSCIOUSLY ON LOOKOUT FOR SIGNIFICANT STIMULI

An example is in a crowded room when you are talking to someone and someone else mentions your name, you may quickly tune into the other conversation

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6
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Subconsciously being on the lookout for significant stimuli is a description of what effect

A

COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT

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7
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Attention involves what 3 steps
1. ____ : from stimulus
2. ____ : to stimulus
3. ____ : new stimulus

A
  1. DISENGAGE ATTENTION from a stimulus
  2. SHIFT ATTENTION to new stimulus
  3. ENGAGE ATTENTION on the new stimulus

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8
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Attention may be what 2 types

A
  1. SELECTIVE (focused)
  2. DIVIDED

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9
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What is meant by selective attention

A

PROCESSING INFORMATION FROM ONE INPUT TO EXCLUSION (almost) OF ALL OTHERS

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10
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What is meant by divided attention

A

PARALLEL INFORMATION PROCESSING
or;
RAPID ATTENTION SWITCHING

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11
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What is a good example of using divided attention in the cockpit

A

FLYING ON INSTRUMENTS

no one instrument gets all the attention

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12
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What sort of stimulus will get your immediate attention

A

SALIENT / INTENSE
(or highly interesting)

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13
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What sort of stimulus does the brain favor under heavy workloads

A

VISUAL

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14
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Humans appear to be hard wired to pay close attention to what sort of stimuli

A

NEGATIVE or THREATENING

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15
Q

Attention and Vigilance

When a stimulus is very intense, a human may devote all their capacity to attending to it. This is known as what

A

TUNNELLING OF ATTENTION

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16
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What is a threat of tunnelling of attention

A

BREAKDOWN IN TASKS
(i.e. communication)

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17
Q

Attention and Vigilance

A state of sustained attention over time is a description of what

A

VIGILANCE

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18
Q

Attention and Vigilance

The definition of vigilance

A

SUSTAINED ATTENTION OVER TIME

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19
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Vigilance is often associated with activity that is said to be a what sort of activity

A

WATCH KEEPING ACTIVITY

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20
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What are the 2 forms of vigilance

A
  1. HYPER VIGILANCE
  2. HYPO VIGILANCE

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21
Q

Attention and Vigilance

Vigilance is close related to what sort of arousal

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL

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22
Q

Attention and Vigilance

A high level of arrousal giving rise to a very high state of vigilance is what sort of vigilance

A

HYPERVIGILANCE

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23
Q

Attention and Vigilance

A low state of physiological arousal gives rise to very low levels of vigilance is what sort of vigilance

A

HYPOVIGILANCE

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24
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What are some of the common reasons behind hypovigilance

  1. ____ : boring
  2. ____ : tired
  3. ____ : not scary
  4. ____ : over and over
  5. ____ : not much to do
A
  1. MENTAL FATIGUE
  2. SLEEP DEPRIVATION
  3. PERCEIVED LOW LEVEL OF THREAT
  4. BORING & REPETATIVE TASKS
  5. LOW WORKLOAD / NO TASKS

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25
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What is a perfect example specific to aviation of when hypovigilance may occur

A

CRUISE PHASE of LONG HAUL FLIGHT in DEAD OF NIGHT at WOCL

Window of Circadian Low

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26
Q

Attention and Vigilance

What are 8 typical symptoms of reduced vigilance;

  1. ____ : dropped the ball
  2. ____ : I didnt hear it
  3. ____ : snoozy…..
  4. ____ : closing eyes
  5. ____ : not all there
  6. ____ : cannot move
  7. ____ : 1 to 5 seconds
  8. ____ : hearing things
A
  1. SLOW REACTION TIMES : dropped the ball
  2. FAILURE TO NOTICE STIMULI : I didnt hear it
  3. FREQUENT YAWNING : snoozy…..
  4. SLOWER BLINK RATE : closing eyes
  5. CONGNITIVE ABSCENCE : not all there
  6. POOR MOTOR CONTROL : cannot move
  7. MICRO-SLEEPS : 1 to 5 seconds
  8. DELUSIONS : hearing things

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27
Q

Attention and Vigilance

3 things a pilot can do in the cockpit to help starve off hypovigilance

A
  1. MENTAL CALCULATIONS
  2. MAINTAIN RUNNING PLAN
  3. READ AFM

Aircraft Flight Manual

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28
Q

Memory

Without memory, it would be impossible to do what

A

DEVELOP STANDARD RESPONSES

standard responses developed based on memory of certain stimuli

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29
Q

Memory

Memory involves 3 distinct information stores;

  1. ____ : Separate, vision and hearing
  2. ____ : limited capacity, few seconds
  3. ____ : large capacity, sometimes indefinite
A
  1. SENSORY STORE : Separate, vision and hearing
  2. WORKING MEMORY : limited capacity, few seconds
  3. LONG TERM MEMORY : large capacity, sometimes indefinite

367

30
Q

Memory

Memory involves 3 distinct information stores;

  1. SENSORY STORE : ____
  2. WORKING MEMORY : ____
  3. LONG TERM MEMORY : ____
A
  1. SENSORY STORE : Separate store for each of the senses, such as vision and hearing. Holds for brief periods
  2. WORKING MEMORY : Has very limited capacity and holds informaion for only a few seconds
  3. LONG TERM MEMORY : Has very large capacity and holds information for long periods, sometimes indefintely.

367

31
Q

Memory

Stimulus will first reach the (i) ___ . A small fraction of information is attended to and trasfered into (ii) ___ . If rehearsed, information from (ii) will transfer into (iii)____.

A
  1. SENSORY STORE
  2. SHORT-TERM MEMORY
  3. LONG TERM MEMORY

368

32
Q

Memory

Complete the following diagram;

MEMORY

ANSWER OPTIONS

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensory Store
  3. Visual: 0.2 seconds & Auditory: 2 seconds
  4. Working Memory (Short-term)
  5. 7 +/- bits of information
  6. Storage Mechanism
  7. Long Term Memory

COMPLETED

368

33
Q

Memory

Information in what memory is continuously lost as it becomes replaced with new information arriving from the sensory stores

A

SHORT TERM MEMORY

368

34
Q

Memory

Another name for the visual store

A

ICONIC

369

35
Q

Memory

The visual (iconic) store holes information for approximately how long

A

0.5 seconds

369

36
Q

Memory

The auditory store holds information for approximately how long

A

2 SECONDS, SLIGHTLY MORE

369

37
Q

Memory

What do the visual and auditory stores allow you to do in order to transfer them into working memory

A

PLAY BACK

Sensory stores allow you to play back the stimulus and transfer it to working memeory for processing

369

38
Q

Memory

The lowest level (subconscious) attention mechanism is associated with what

A

AMYGDALA

370

39
Q

Memory

What is the purpose of the amygdala

A

DECIDES WHETHER INFORMATION IN THE SENSORY STORE IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT AND REQUIRES IMMEDIATE ATTENTION

370

40
Q

Memory

Complex information which is deemed significant but not threatening is directed to where

A

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
(decision maker)

Thoughts of this nature will be acted on consciously and is what we refer to as thinking

370

41
Q

Memory

Conscious attention to information is considered to be a what

A

PROCESSING BOTTLENECK

370

42
Q

Memory

Complete the following process flow;

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

ANSWER OPTIONS

A
  1. SENSORY STORES
  2. LOW LEVEL ATTENTION (AMYGDALA)
  3. HIGH THREAT
  4. MOTOR PROGRAMMES, PHYSIOLOGICAL PREPARATION
  5. INSTINCTIVE, SUBCONSCIOUS, REFLEX ACTIONS, STARTLE REFLEX
  6. LONG TERM MEMORY
  7. CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
  8. WORKING MEMORY
  9. RECALL PAST EXPERIENCE
  10. STORE THIS EXPERIENCE
  11. PLANNED ACTIONS

COMPLETED

371

43
Q

Memory

If a stimulus is very highly threatening, what will kick into action, and what is the result

A
  1. AMYGDALA
  2. PREPARES BODY PHYSIOLOGICALLY FOR RESPONSE

372

44
Q

Memory

What is a known threat as a result of the amygdala kicking into action and making a response quickly without thinking

A

TEMPORARY INCAPACITATION CAUSED BY SHOCK

372

45
Q

Memory

The average human is able to store ____ bits of information for approximately ____ seconds in working memory

A
  1. 5 to 9 ( 7 +/- 2)
  2. 10-20 SECONDS

NOTE Current learning objective states 5 +/- 2 items

373

46
Q

Memory

A method of extending working memory by grouping pieces of information

A

CHUNKING

373

47
Q

Memory

Working memory is limited to about ____ chinks of information

48
Q

Memory

Information in working memory is very RELIABLE or FRAGILE and can easily be ____

A
  1. FRAGILE
  2. LOST BY INTERUPTIONS

374

49
Q

Memory

Why is working memory important to pilots

A

Often need to remember bits of information and read them back to ATC before acting on them. For example, frequency change

374

50
Q

Memory

What 3 things can influence how much infomration can be held in working memory when, for example, something is said to you by ATC

A
  1. TIME TAKEN TO SAY THE WORDS
  2. MEANING ASSOCIATED TO WORDS
  3. AMOUNT OF STRESS YOU ARE SUFFERING

375

51
Q

Memory

Long term memory is divided into what 2 functionally different types of memory

A
  1. DECLARATIVE
  2. NON-DECLARATIVE

376

52
Q

Memory

Declarative memory is broken into what 2 memory types

Sub memory types of a sub memory type of long term memory

A
  1. SEMANTIC MEMORY
  2. EPISODIC MEMORY

376

53
Q

Memory

What is the definition of declarative memory

A

EVERYDAY MEMORY FUNCTIONS YOU CAN RECALL AND TALK ABOUT

376

54
Q

Memory

What is the definition of Non-delcarative memory

A

PROCEDURAL MEMORY
memorie about things you cannot easily describe verbally

Procedural memoyr stores learned motor skills and responses, emotional responses. Learnt typically through rehersal or experience.
Not a memory such as going to the lake with the dogs on a nice sunday afternoon

376

55
Q

Memory

What is the definition of semantic memory

A

STORE OF FACTS AND MEANINGS
generally independant of personal experience

376

56
Q

Memory

What is the definition of episodic memory

A

STORE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
places you have been to, people you know, life experiences

376

57
Q

Memory

Procedural memories i.e. memories about things you cannot easily talk about is a definition of what sort of memory

A

NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY

376

58
Q

Memory

Everyday memory functions you can easily recall and talk about is a definition of what sort of memory

A

DECLARATIVE MEMORY

376

59
Q

Memory

Episodic memory is closely related to what

A

EXPERIENCE
stores how you felt at a time

377

60
Q

Memory

Emotional responses are called up by what memory type

A

NON-DECLARATIVE
sensing a very distinctive smell triggering vivid memories

377

61
Q

Memory

Semantic memory is a store of what

A

ACCUMULATED KNOWLEDGE

378

62
Q

Memory

Semantic memory is fundamental to what

A

PERCEPTION

378

63
Q

Memory

The factual information a pilot will learn about their flying career, knowledge, information and checklists is stored where

A

SEMANTIC MEMORY

378

64
Q

Memory

Procedural memory is primarily concerned with storing skills where

A

LONG TERM MEMORY

378

65
Q

Memory

What type of memory is typically better than recall

A

RECOGNITION

You might be able to recognise a person from a photo but not recall their name.

379

66
Q

Memory

What can have a significant affect on your ability to recall information

A

EMOTIONAL STATE

380

67
Q

Memory

What are the 2 main factors that improve your ability to remember

A
  1. REHEARSAL AND REPETITION
  2. CONTEXT AND ASSOCIATION

380

68
Q

A recall technique as a result of giving information context

A

MNEMONIC

380

69
Q

Memory

A condition where an individual is unable to recall or even recognise events

A

AMNESIA

381

70
Q

Memory

How long can amnesia last for

A

TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT

381

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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