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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 06. The Ear, Hearing and Balance > Flashcards

06. The Ear, Hearing and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

The Auditory System

Hearing is the process of translating ____ into ____ which are then interpreted by the ____ as sounds

A
  1. AIR PRESSURE WAVES
  2. ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
  3. BRAIN

pg 151

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2
Q

The Auditory System

What is the name of the 3 bones that make up the ossicle

A
  1. MALLEUS
  2. INCUS
  3. STAPES

Mallet is a form of hammer, mallet sounds like MALLEUS
INCus (INK) sounds like TINK, the noise an anvil makes when hit
Stirrup begins with “ST”, like STapes

AKA - hammer, anvil, and stirrup

pg 152

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3
Q

The Auditory System

The bones malleus, incus, stapes make up what component of the auditory system

A

OSSICLE

pg 152

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4
Q

The Auditory System

How many chambers separated by membranes is the cochlea made up of

A

3

pg 152

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5
Q

The Auditory System

The middle ear is filled with what
The inner ear is filled with what

A
  1. AIR
  2. LIQUID

pg 153

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6
Q

The Auditory System

Pressure waves in the fluid of the inner ear set up a pattern of waves in the what membrane

A

BASILAR MEMBRANE

  • Wave grows progressively until it reaches peak
  • Position of peak depends on frequency of the wave
  • Different frequencies produce vibrations at different positions

pg 152

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7
Q

The Auditory System

What are the sensors along the basilar membrane made from

A

HAIR

pg 152

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8
Q

The Auditory System

What is the purpose of the eustachian tube

A

EQUIALISE AIR PRESSURE
equalise air pressure between outer and middle ear

pg 153

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9
Q

The Auditory System

What is the name of the auditory system component that equalises pressure between the outer and middle ear

A

EUSTACHIAN TUBE

pg 153

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10
Q

The Auditory System

What does the eustachian tube connect to

A

MIDDLE EAR to CAVITY AT BACK OF NOSE

pg 153

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11
Q

The Auditory System

An injury to the ear drum as a result of pressure changes is a form of what sort of trauma

A

BAROTRAUMA

pg 153

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12
Q

The Auditory System

What is the method name given to pinching your nose and steadily blowing to try and equalise the pressure by forcing the eustachian tube open

A

VALSALVA METHOD

pg 153

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13
Q

The Auditory System

You must not fly when you are suffering from what 2 conditions

A
  1. COLD
  2. EAR INFECTION

pg 153

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14
Q

The Vestibular System

The name of the system that provides essential information for the body to maintain its posture and stabilise retinal images during head movements

A

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

THINK
VE ery ST able = VEST ibular

pg 155

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15
Q

The Vestibular System

What is the purpose of the vestibular system

A
  1. MAINTAIN BODY POSTURE
  2. STABILISE RETINAL IMAGERY

provides essential information for the body to maintain its posture and stabilise rentinal images during head movements

pg 155

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16
Q

The Vestibular System

Lable the following components in the vestibular system

LINK HERE

Saccule
Ampulla
Anterior Canal
Lateral Canal
Utricle
Posterior Canal

A

ANSWERS HERE

  1. Posterior Canal
  2. Lateral Canal
  3. Anterior Canal
  4. Ampulla
  5. Utricle
  6. Saccule

pg 155

17
Q

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system comprises of ____ chambers and ____ semi-circular canals

A
  1. 2
  2. 3

pg 156

18
Q

The Vestibular System

The utricle is orientated ____
The saccule is orientated ____

A
  1. HORIZONTALLY
  2. VERTICALLY

REMEMBER
Saccule = the Sky is straight up vertically

pg 156

19
Q

The Vestibular System

The name of the hair-like sensors within the utricle and saccule that have tiny crystals of calcium attached which sense the effects of gravity and linear acceleration

A

OTOLITHS

pg 156

20
Q

The Vestibular System

What are otoliths

A

HAIR-LIKE SENSORS
mounted in the utricle and saccule

pg 156

21
Q

The Vestibular System

What is the 2 purposes of the otoliths

A
  1. GRAVITY - infer head tilt in respect to gravity
  2. LINEAR ACCELERTION - detect linear acceleration

Tilting bends hairs, which sends signals to the brain via the vestibular nerves

pg 156

22
Q

The Vestibular System

The semi-circular canals connect to what in the vestibular system

A

AMPULLA

Blub like formations on which there are sets of hair like sensors

pg 156

23
Q

The Vestibular System

Canals detect ____ accelerations
Utricle and Saccule detect ____ accelerations

A
  1. ANGULAR
  2. LINEAR

pg 156

24
Q

Anatomy of the ear

The ear component that separates the outer ear from the middle ear

A

EAR DRUM

pg 157

25
Q

Causes of hearing loss

Exposure to sound levels above ____dB can cause immedate and permanent damage

A

120 dB

pg 158

26
Q

Causes of hearing loss

What does NIHL stand for

A

NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS

pg 158

27
Q

Causes of hearing loss

Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is what sort of trauma

A

ACOUSTIC TRAUMA

pg 158

28
Q

Causes of hearing loss

Prolonged exposure to sound levels above ____dB can cause gradual permanent hearing loss

A

90 dB

pg 158

29
Q

Causes of hearing loss

The frequency range of hearing loss that characterises gradual onset of NIHL

A

3-6 kHz

pg 158

30
Q

Causes of hearing loss

How can Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) be prevented

A

WEARING EAR PROTECTION

pg 160

31
Q

Causes of hearing loss

A defect with the MIDDLE or OUTER ear preventing sound from being transmitted to the inner ear is known as what

A

CONDUCTIVE DEAFNESS

pg 161

32
Q

Causes of hearing loss

What are 4 key causes of conductive deafness

  1. ____: glue ear
  2. ____ : bone growth
  3. ____ : physical damage
  4. ____ : excessive accumulation
A
  1. OTITIS MEDIA - glue ear
  2. OSTEOSCLEROSIS - bone growth interering with strape movement
  3. EAR DRUM - physical damage
  4. WAX - excessive accumulation

pg 161

33
Q

Causes of hearing loss

What are 4 key causes of conductive deafness;

  1. OTITIS MEDIA : ____
  2. OSTEOSCLEROSIS : ____
  3. EAR DRUM : ____
  4. WAX : ____
A
  1. OTITIS MEDIA - glue ear, middle part of ear fills with fluid
  2. OSTEOSCLEROSIS - bone growth interering with strape movement
  3. EAR DRUM - physical damage
  4. WAX - excessive accumulation

161

34
Q

Causes of hearing loss

An age related hearing loss condition

A

PRESBYCUSIS

REMEMBER
PRESsing on in age = PRESbycusis

pg 161

35
Q

Causes of hearing loss

A hearing condition in which the sufferer hears sounds (high pitched tones)

A

TINNITUS

pg 161

36
Q

Causes of hearing loss

What is the cause of presbycusis
What is the symptom of tinnitus

A
  1. AGE
  2. HEARING SOUNDS

pg 161

37
Q

Air sickness

What is the cause of motion sickness

A

MISMATCHED SIGNALS

mismatch between movements the brain detects visual and movements the brain detects through inputs from the vestibular system and the mechanoreceptors

pg 162

38
Q

Air sickness

What is the most common of the mismatched signals causing motion sickness

A

ACCELERATIONS vs VISUAL
Accelerations detected by the vestibular system but not the visual system
i.e. feeling the acceleration of the aircraft but seeing a stationary bulkhead

pg 162

39
Q

Ace Test

The ear comprises of 3 major sections;

The ____ channels sound to the eardrum
The ____ transmits vibrations of the ear drum to the fluid in the ____.
This translates fluid vibrations into electrical auditor nerve signals.

A
  1. OUTER EAR
  2. MIDDLE EAR
  3. INNER EAR

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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