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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 04. The Atmosphere, Oxygen and Respiration > Flashcards

04. The Atmosphere, Oxygen and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the principle organ in the respiratory system

A

LUNGS

pg 82

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2
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

Air entering the mouth passes through the ____ and ____ before entering the ____

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Larynx
  3. Trachea

pg 82

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3
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What 2 channels does air pass through before entering into the trachea

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Larynx

pg 82

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4
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the diameter of the trachea

A

1.8 cm

pg 82

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5
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The trachea branches off into what

A

BRONCHI

pg 82

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6
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The bronchi terminate in the what

A

ALVEOLI

pg 82

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7
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What happens to the air progressively as it passes through the passages and why

A

WARMED and MOISTENED
TRAP PARTICILES

pg 82

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8
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

“Small, spherical bag like structures grouped into clusters” is describing what

A

AVEOLAR SACKS

pg 84

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9
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The membrane wall of each aveolus is how thin

A

0.5 microns

pg 84

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10
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What type of blood vessel surrounds the aveolus

A

CAPILLARIES

pg 84

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11
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

On average, how many aveoli are there in a healthy male lung

A

300 million

pg 84

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12
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The total area of gas exchange in the alveoli is approximately how much in volume

A

80m^2

pg 84

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13
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What do O2 molecules bind to and what are they carried by

A
  1. HAEMOGLOBIN
  2. RED BLOOD CELLS

pg 85

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14
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Process of taking oxygen from the air and diffusing O2 into the blood stream, whilst expelling unwanted gases is known as what

A

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

pg 85

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15
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The use of oxygen within each cell to create energy by oxidising fuel is known as what

A

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

pg 85

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16
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the definition of EXTERNAL respiration
What is the definition of INTERNAL respiration

A
  1. Taking oxygen from air, difussing into the blood stream
  2. Using oxygen in each cell to create energy through oxidisation

pg 85

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17
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The bronchi has LITTLE or LOTS of ability to hold itself open.

A

LITTLE

pg 85

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18
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What are 2 implications of the lung given that bronchi has little or no ability to hold itself open

A
  1. LUNG COLLAPSE - air pressure drops below pressure in chest
  2. LUNGS NOT CAPABLE OF INFLATING THEMSELVES

pg 85

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19
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The lungs and heart are located in the chest. This is known as the what

A

THORAX

pg 86

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20
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The thorax is lined by a membrane that makes the cavity what

A

AIR TIGHT

pg 86

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21
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The thorax is separated from the cavity of the abdomen by a large muscled called what

A

DIAPHRAGM

pg 86

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22
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The thorax is separated from the cavity of the abdomen by a large muscled called what

A

DIAPHRAGM

pg 86

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23
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the name of the membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs

A

PLEURAL MEMBRANE

pg 86

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24
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the space between the pleural membrane and the lungs called

A

PLEURAL CAVITY

pg 86

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25
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What shape is the resting state of the diaphram

A

DOME

pg 86

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26
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

When the diaphragm flattens out, what happens to the pleural cavity

A

VOLUME INCREASES

volume increases, meaning pressure decreases, meaning the lungs expand and draw in air

pg 86

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27
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What causes the pleural cavity to increase

A

DIAPHRAGM FLATTENS

pg 86

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28
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

Describe the processes of what causes air to be drawn into the lungs and CO2 expelled.

A

Heart and lungs are in an air tight cavity in the chest called thorax

Cavity separated from abdomen by muscle called diaphragm
Lungs surrounded by a membrane called pleural membrane
Space between lungs and pleural membrane is called pleural cavity
When diaphragm is flattened, this increases volume of pleural cavity.
Increased volume means decreased pressure, which means air is drawn into the lungs
When diagram is rested, it creates a dome shape, decreasing volume in plueral cavity
This increases pressure in lungs, expelling CO2

pg 86

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29
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the name of the muscle that lifts the ribs upwards and outwards to help increase the volume of the chest

A

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

pg 87

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30
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the purpose of the intercostal muscles

A

LIFT RIBS UPWARDS and OUTWARDS

To increase space in the pleural cavity

pg 87

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31
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the name of the tool used to measure air moving into and out of the lungs

A

SPIROMETER

pg 88

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32
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the maximum lung volume
What is the maximum lung volume called

A
  1. 6 LTR
  2. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

pg 88

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33
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

When breathing out, how much air remains within the lungs
What is this volume known as

A
  1. 1.4 LTR
  2. RESIDUAL VOLUME

pg 88

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34
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the name given to the volume of air breathed in and out

A

TIDAL VOLUME

pg 88

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35
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the average volume of air breathed in and out in the tidal volume

A

500 ml

PG 88

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36
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

As demand for ____ increases, the tidal volume INCREASES or DECREASES

A
  1. OXYGEN
  2. INCREASES

pg 88

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37
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

Tidal volume can increase until it reaches which point

A

VITAL CAPACITY

pg 88

38
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What is the reserve volume

A

DIFFERENCE between current TIDAL VOLUME and VITAL VOLUME

pg 89

39
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

  1. Difference between current tidal volume and vital volume : ____
  2. Difference between amount of breath taken in and amount of air that could be taken in : ____
  3. Difference between the amount of air breathed out and amount of air that could be breathed out : ____
A
  1. RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between current tidal volume and vital volume
  2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between amount of breath taken in and amount of air that could be taken in
  3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between the amount of air breathed out and amount of air that could be breathed out

89

40
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Describe the following definitions:

  1. RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between ____ and ____
  2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between ____and ____
  3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between the ____ and ____
A
  1. RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between current tidal volume and vital volume
  2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between amount of breath taken in and amount of air that could be taken in
  3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
    Difference between the amount of air breathed out and amount of air that could be breathed out

89

41
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The difference between the vital capacity at max inhalation and the total lung capacity

A

RESIDUAL VOLUME

pg 89

42
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

DIFFERENCE between AIR TAKEN IN and AMOUNT OF AIR THAT COULD BE TAKEN IN

pg 89

43
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The difference between air taken in and the amount of air that could be taken in is known as what

A

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

pg 89

44
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What is the expiratory reserve volume

A

DIFFERENCE between AIR ACTUALLY BREATHED OUT than AIR THAT COULD POSSIBLY BE BREATHED OUT

pg 89

45
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

The difference between air actually breathed out and the air that could possibly be breathed out is known as what

A

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

pg 89

46
Q

Anatomy of thye Respiratory System

What is the average rate of respiration in a healthy adult male

A

12 breathes per minute

PG 89

47
Q

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Complete the following diagram here

Answer options are available here

A
  1. TLC - Total lung capacity
  2. RTV - Resting tidal volume
  3. IC - Inspiratory capacity
  4. FRC - Functional residual capacity
  5. ERV - Expiratory reserve volume
  6. IRV - Inspiratory reserve volume
  7. RV - Residual volume
  8. VTV - Varying tidal volume
  9. VC - Vital capacity

Completed Here

pg 88

48
Q

Control of Respiration

Special sensors located in the ____ monitor acidity of ____ and amount of ____ in the blood stream

A
  1. CAROTID ARTERY
  2. BLOOD
  3. O2 and CO2

pg 90

49
Q

Control of Respiration

What does the body use to control the level of O2

A

CO2

CO2 is monitored as it is changing constantly. Conversely, the O2 saturation level is typically around 98% so is not changing much. Ths, CO2 is a better monitor of saturation levels.

pg 90

50
Q

Control of Respiration

Saturation of oxygen in the blood only starts to drop below 90% when blood reaches what pressure

A

60 mm Hg

pg 90

51
Q

The Atmosphere

What is considered the “normal” altitudes from sea level in which breathing process is uncomplicated

A

SEA LEVEL <> 10,000 to 12,000 ft

pg 91

52
Q

The Atmosphere

As altitude increases, the ____ of oxygen decreases. This results in MORE or LESS oxygen being absorbed into the blood stream

A
  1. PARTIAL PRESSURE
  2. LESS

pg 92

53
Q

The Atmosphere

As a result of haemoglobin being so good at maintaining the oxygen saturation level of blood, blood oxygen saturation levels DO or DO NOT fall at the same rate as the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen

54
Q

The Atmosphere

Blood oxygen saturation levels do not fall at the same rate as what

A

ATMOSPHERIC PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN

pg 93

55
Q

The Atmosphere

What is the minimum partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs required to function satisfactorily

A

55 mm Hg

pg 93

56
Q

The Atmosphere

What function which leads to slower response times is there a significant decrease of in the body when oxygen partial pressure falls below 10,000 - 12,000 ft

A

MENTAL FUNCTION

pg 93

57
Q

The Atmosphere

Percentage of oxygen required INCREASES or DECREASES with altitude

A

INCREASES

pg 94

58
Q

The Atmosphere

By what altitude is 100% oxygen required to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen to that of sea level

A

33,700 ft

pg 94

59
Q

The Atmosphere

What aircraft system automatically controls the proportion of oxygen added to airmix

A

OXYGEN REGULATOR

pg 94

60
Q

The Atmosphere

What is the altitude at which even 100% oxygen does not produce the acceptable partial pressure required without pressurisation

A

40,000 ft

pg 94

61
Q

The Atmosphere

Complete the table for oxygen requirements

Up to 10,000 ft | ? |
Above 10,000 ft | ? |
10,000 - 33, 700 ft | ? |
33,700 - 40,000 ft | ? |
Above 40,000 ft | ? |

Altitude | Requirement |

A

Up to 10,000 ft | No specific requirement
Above 10,000 ft | Supplemntal oxygen required
10,000 - 33,700 ft | Increasing percentage of oxygen required
33,700 - 40,000 ft | 100% O2 required
Above 40,000 ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required

pg 94

62
Q

The Atmosphere

Complete the table of oxygen requirements;

Up to ____ ft | No specific requirement
Above ____ ft | Supplemntal oxygen required
____ ft | Increasing percentage of oxygen required
____ ft | 100% O2 required
Above ____ ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required

A

Up to 10,000 ft | No specific requirement
Above 10,000 ft | Supplemntal oxygen required
10,000 - 33,700 ft | Increasing percentage of oxygen required
33,700 - 40,000 ft | 100% O2 required
Above 40,000 ft | Pressurised 100% O2 required

94

63
Q

The Atmosphere

To avoid the requirement for oxygen masks, the total air pressure inside the cabin is raised. This is achieved through what system

A

CABIN PRESSURISATION SYSTEM

pg 95

64
Q

The Atmosphere

What altitude range can cabin pressure drop to, and not exceed

A
  1. Up to 6,000 ft
  2. Not exceed 8,000 ft

pg 95

65
Q

The Atmosphere

What is the name given to the cabin pressure not exceeding the 6,000 - 8,000 ft range

A

CABIN ALTITUDE

pg 95

66
Q

The Atmosphere

What is the pressure differential across the fuselage skin at the cabin altitude of 8,000 ft

A

465 mm Hg (9 PSI)

pg 95

67
Q

The Atmosphere

Cabin crew are required to use supplemental oxygen whenever cabin pressure altitude exceeds ____ft for ____ min OR;
Whenever cabin altitude exceeds ____ft for ____

A
  1. 10,000 ft
  2. 30 min
  3. 13,000 ft
  4. Any period of time

pg 95

68
Q

Hypoxia

Which body organ is the largest consumer of oxygen

A

BRAIN

pg 97

69
Q

Hypoxia

What is one of the first symptoms of someone suffering from hypoxia

A

DEGRADED MENTAL PERFORMANCE

pg 97

70
Q

Hypoxia

What are the 2 main types of hypoxia

A
  1. HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
  2. ANAEMIC HYPOXIA

pg 97

71
Q

Hypoxia

What is the cause of hypoxic hypoxia

A

Low saturation levels of oxygen in the blood
Typically for pilots caused by reduced level of atmospheric oxygen

pg 97

72
Q

Hypoxia

What is the cause of anaemic hypoxia

A

Reduced ability for blood to carry oxygen
i.e. carbon monoxide posioning

pg 97

73
Q

Hypoxia

What is a biological cause of hypoxia

form of condition

A

ASTHMA

pg 97

74
Q

Hypoxia

What are 5 initial symptoms of hypoxia
1. ____ : hands and feet
2. ____ : lips and fingers
3. ____ : increased rate
4. ____ : head related issues and queazy
5. ____ : feeling

A
  1. TINGLING
  2. CYANOSIS
  3. BREATHING
  4. HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, LIGHT HEADED, NAUSEA, SWEATING
  5. IRRITABILITY or EURPHORIA

pg 98

75
Q

Hypoxia

If hypoxic conditions persist beyond the initial symptoms, what are 7 symptoms that may appear;
1. ____ : impaired
2. ____ : impaired
3. ____ : impaired (no coordination)
4. ____ : desire to sleep
5. ____ : speech
6. ____ : remembering
7. ____ : task at hand

A
  1. Impaired vision
  2. Impaired judgement
  3. Impaired motor skills
  4. Drowsiness
  5. Slurred speech
  6. Memory loss
  7. Difficulty concentrating

pg 98

76
Q

Hypoxia

What are the 4 stages of hypoxia

A
  1. INDIFFERENT
  2. FULL COMPENSATION
  3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION
  4. CRITICAL

pg 100

77
Q

Hypoxia

Complete the stages of hypoxia table;

STAGE | ALTITUDE |
1. ____ | ____ft AMSL
2. ____ | ____ ft AMSL
3. ____ | ____ ft AMSL
4. ____ | ____ ft AMSL

A
  1. INDIFFERENT | 0 - 5,000 ft AMSL
  2. FULL COMPENSATION | 5,000 - 12,000ft AMSL
  3. INCOMPLETE COMPENSATION | 12,000 - 20,000 ft AMSL
  4. CRITICAL | Above 20,000 ft AMSL

pg 100

78
Q

Hypoxia

What is the definition of time of useful consciousness

A

Period of time available to an individual after being deprived of oxygen in which they are still aware of their environment

pg 101

79
Q

Hypoxia

A period of time available to an indvidual after being deprived of oxygen in which they are still aware of their environment is known as what

A

TIME OF USEFUL CONSCIOUSNESS
(TUC)

pg 101

80
Q

Hypoxia

Complete the time of useful consciousness (TUC) table below;

ALTITUDE | SEATED (at rest) |
1. ____ ft | ____ min
2. ____ ft | ____ min
3. ____ ft | ____ sec
4. ____ ft | ____ sec

A
  1. 20,000ft | 30 min
  2. 30,000 ft | 1-2 min
  3. 35,000 ft | 30-90 seconds
  4. 40,000 ft | 15-20 seconds

pg 101

81
Q

Hypoxia

What are 5 key factors that can influence the TUC times in an individual

A
  1. HEALTH - state of health
  2. SMOKER
  3. WEIGHT
  4. DECOMPRESSION SPEED
  5. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - more activity requires more oxygen

pg 102

82
Q

Hyperventiliation

The state of beathing faster and/or deeper than is necessary for the body is known as what

A

HYPERVENTILATION

pg 103

83
Q

Hyperventiliation

What is the definition of hyperventilation

A

Statea of breathing faster and/or deeper than is necessary for the body

pg 103

84
Q

Hyperventiliation

What are 3 typical causes of hyperventilation

A
  1. DELIBERATE
  2. STROKE or HEAD INJURY
  3. STRESS or ANXIETY

pg 103

85
Q

Hyperventiliation

What are 6 indetifiable symptoms of hyperventilation
1. ____ : rapid
2. ____ : feeling dizzy
3. ____ : lips, hands, feet
4. ____ : hot and cold
5. ____ : painful
6. ____ : impaired

A
  1. BREATHING - rapid
  2. LIGHT HEADED - feeling dizzy
  3. TINGLING - lips, hands, feet
  4. FLUSHES - hot and cold
  5. HEADACHE
  6. PERFORMANCE - impaired

pg 103

86
Q

Hyperventiliation

What system can be triggered by anxiety and stress to release adrenaline

A

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

pg 104

87
Q

Hyperventiliation

What is the name given when the syhmpathetic nervous system releases extreme levels of adrenaline in response to anxiety or stress

A

PANIC ATTACK

pg 104

88
Q

Hyperventiliation

What is the best method to control hyperventiliation

A

POSITIVELY CONTROLLED BREATHING

pg 104

89
Q

Hyperventiliation

3 main methods of controlling hyperventilation

A
  1. NOSTRIL - covering a nostirl
  2. PAPER BAG - breahting into a bag
  3. SPEAKING - speaking loudly to control breathing

pg 104

90
Q

Hypoxia

What are the 3 physiological thresholds of hypoxia and their altitudes

A
  1. REACTION - 7,000 ft
  2. DISTURBANCE - 10,000 - 12,000 ft
  3. CRITICAL - 22,000 ft

Chapter summary

91
Q

Hypoxia

Above what altitude can short term memory start to be affected

A

5,000 ft

pg 99

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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