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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 10. Higher Functions and Perception > Flashcards

10. Higher Functions and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Higher Functions

The very large cauliflower-like structure part of the brain is called what

A

CORTEX

REMEMBER

Cauliflower = Cortex

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2
Q

Higher Functions

The cortex completely surrounds what

A

LOW BRAIN STRUCTURES

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3
Q

Higher Functions

The CORTEX or LOWER BRAIN are involved in higher human factors

A

CORTEX

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4
Q

Higher Functions

The CORTEX or LOWER BRAIN STRUCTURES are involved in lower human functions

A

LOW BRAIN STRUCTURE

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5
Q

Higher Functions

The brain consists of 2 functions. These are;

  1. ____ : voluntary
  2. ____ : involuntary
A
  1. CONSCIOUS - voluntary
  2. UNCONSCIOUS - involuntary

REMEMBER
Cortex = Concious = voluntary

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6
Q

Spatial Orientation

The following description is a definition of what;

“Information is acquired from the environment by the sense organs, is integrated with other information from other senses and is then translated into experiences of objects and events”

A

PERCEPTION

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7
Q

Spatial Orientation

To gain understanding of your orientation in space is one of the most important functions of what

A

MULTI-SENSORY INTEGRATION

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8
Q

Spatial Orientation

The most important function of multi-sensory integration is what

A

ORIENTATION IN SPACE

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9
Q

Spatial Orientation

multi-sensory integration allowing you to determine your orientation in space is known as what

A

SPATIAL ORIENTATION

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10
Q

Spatial Orientation

What is the primary method of determining spatial orientation

i.e. what sense is the most important

A

SIGHT

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11
Q

Spatial Orientation

What 3 functions does the body use to determine spatial orientation;

  1. ____ : see
  2. ____ : stable
  3. ____ : sense movement
A
  1. VISION : see
  2. BALANCE : stable
  3. PROPRIOCEPTION : sense movement

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12
Q

Spatial Orientation

Your brain is able to use vision, balance and proprioception in order to determine the body’s orientation.

It does this by comparing the visual scene with what

A

VISUAL SCENE WITH HORIZON

any flat surface is assumed to be horizontal.

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13
Q

Spatial Orientation

If no horizon is visible, spatial orientation will rely much more on what 3 things

  1. ____ : all things being equal
  2. ____ : sense movement
  3. ____ : evenly distributed
A
  1. EQUILIBRIUM
  2. PROPRIOCEPTION
  3. BALANCE

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14
Q

Spatial Orientation

You risk putting an aircraft into a undesirable attitude if you become ____

A

DISORIENTATED

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15
Q

Spatial Orientation

Why is spatial orientation on the ground typically easier to achieve when compared to being in flight

i.e. why is it harder in the air

A

OBJECTS PROVIDE RELIABLE FIXED POINTS OF REFERENCE

When you are on the ground, not moving, objects provide a fixed point of reference.
Conversely, in the air, objects are moving, may not be visible

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16
Q

Spatial Orientation

What are 3 factors that contribute to spatial orientation sometimes being harder to achieve when in the air than on the ground;

  1. ____ : may not be visible due to darkness, cloud, or haze
  2. ____ : derived from gravity, confused by acceleration forces
  3. ____ : not noticing the deviations
A
  1. TRUE HORIZON - may not be visible
  2. NATURAL SENSE OF UP AND DOWN - derived from gravity, confused by acceleration forces
  3. SUBLIMINAL AIRCRAFT CHANGES - not noticing the deviations

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17
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

The process of mental modeling and perception can vary person to person based on what 2 factors

A
  1. THE INDIVIDUAL
  2. PAST EXPERIENCE

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18
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

When the brain receives signals from the visual cortex it is building a ____ of the exterior world around us

A

MENTAL MODEL

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19
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

When we look upon an object we are able to associate a number of characteristics such as how it feels to touch, how heavy it is etc.. this happens in the brain CONSCIOUSLY or SUBCONSCIOUSLY

A

SUBCONSCIOUSLY

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20
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

A false sense or misinterpreted perception of a sensory experience is known as what

A

ILLUSION

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21
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

An illusion caused by the misinterpretation of sensory inputs is called what

A

COGNITIVE ILLUSION

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22
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

Faulty mental models are the prime cause of what type of illusion

A

COGNITIVE ILLUSION

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23
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

A cognitive illusion is caused by what

A

MISINTERPRETATION OF SENSORY INPUTS

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24
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

Perceptual process is ver SLOW or FAST;

When confronted with a new ambigious scene, the brain is able to do what

A
  1. FAST
  2. CONSTRUCT A MODEL

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25
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

What will the brain do if it detects that a mental model is faulty

A

RE-ADJUST UNTIL MODEL FITS WITH PERCEPTION OF REALITY

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26
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

What are 2 threats that can lead to critical loss of situational awareness

A
  1. FAULTY MENTAL MODEL
  2. COGNITIVE ILLUSION

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27
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

A tendancy not to check what can be an extremely dangerous thing in aviation

A

ASSUMPTIONS

assumptions are built once a mental model has been formed

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28
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

What can the brain use to fill in bits of missing information

A

PAST EXPERIENCE

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29
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

What are the 2 types of perceptual processing

A
  1. TOP DOWN
  2. BOTTOM UP

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30
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

“Perception is a process in which a hypotehsis is made and then information is sought to confirm it”

This is a description of what sort of processing

A

TOP DOWN

REMEMBER
Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN
Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP

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31
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

How does top down processing work

A

HYPOTHESIS FORMED
INFORMATION SOUGHT TO CONFIRM HYPOTHESIS

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32
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

“Sesnation is perception. Information received is enough to create a useful perception of the world”

This is a description of what sort of processing

A

BOTTOM UP

REMEMBER
Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN
Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP

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33
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

How does bottom up processing work

A

SENSATION
Information received is enough to form a perception of the world

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34
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

Bottom up processing will occur when information is AMBIGIOUS or UNAMBIGIOUS

A

UNAMBIGIOUS

REMEMBER
Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN
Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP

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35
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

Top down processing will occur when information is AMBIGIOUS or UNAMBIGIOUS

A

AMBIGIOUS
and a lot of information is missing

REMEMBER
Brain is on top - brain builds mental model TOP DOWN
Sense the ground under your feet when you walk on it. Feet are on the bottom. BOTTOM UP

288

36
Q

Mental Models, Perception and Illusions

5 factors of mental modeling are

  1. ____ : large amounts of conflicting information from the senses
  2. ____ : what is seen, heard, and felt
  3. ____ : meeting sensory processing challange
  4. ____ : often not reassessed
  5. ____ : dangerous due to human behaviour
A
  1. BRAINS QUICK INTERPRETATION : large amounts of conflicting information from the senses
  2. BRAIN CAN MAKE SENSE : of what is seen, heard, and felt
  3. EFFICIENT : meeting sensory processing challange
  4. DANGEROUS : once mental image created, often not reassessed or checked against reality
  5. SENSE OF REALITY : human behaviour and responses are based on reactions to mental models not to reality

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37
Q

Visual Constancy

The brain automatically adjusts to what 3 things of familiar objects

A
  1. SIZE
  2. DETAIL
  3. COLOUR

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38
Q

Visual Constancy

Visual constancy is applied by the brain ____

A

AUTOMATICALLY

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39
Q

Visual Constancy

The process of the brain constructing a mental model of what an object should look like rather than what is does look like is known as what

A

SHAPE CONSTANCY

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40
Q

Visual Constancy

The brains ability to perceive an object as the same object throughout a wide cariety of viewing conditions is known as what

A

VISUAL CONSTANCY

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41
Q

Visual Constancy

What are 3 forms of visual constancy

A
  1. SHAPE
  2. COLOUR and BRIGHTNESS
  3. SIZE

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42
Q

Visual Constancy

Under what conditions does colour vary significantly

A

DIFFERENT LIGHTING

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43
Q

Visual Constancy

Our brain perceives familiar objects as always have what

A

SAME COLOUR

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44
Q

Visual Constancy

Our brain automatically assumes what, and compensates accordingly from what is expects to be in shadow

A

SUNLIGHT

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45
Q

Visual Constancy

Brain has a natural tendacy to believe what sort of objects

A

3-DIMMENSIONAL

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46
Q

Visual Constancy

The physical size of a persona image on your retina will change considerably with distance but the brain automatically scales up and sacles down the image. This is known as what

A

SIZE CONSISTANCY

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47
Q

Visual Constancy

The brain makes assumptions, more often right than wrong. When we see a large flat expanse of terrain, we tend to believe it what

A

FLAT with NO SLOPE

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48
Q

Visual Constancy

Visual, Size, or Shape consistancy is particularly important to commercial aviation and why

A
  1. SIZE
  2. JUDGING HEIGH IN FLARE

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49
Q

Limitations of Perception

Repeating patterns of flickering light which can cause dizziness and vertigo are known as what type of effect

A

STROBOSCOPIC

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50
Q

Visual Constancy

Stroboscopic effects can lead to what 2 conditions

A
  1. DIZZINESS
  2. VERTIGO

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51
Q

Perceptual Set

What is a useful tool for creating a short-cut to constructing a metnal model

A

PAST EXPERIENCE

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52
Q

Perceptual Set

“we perceive what we expect to perceive and not neccessarily what is actually there”

This is a description of what

A

EXPECTANCY / PERCEPTUAL SET

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53
Q

Perceptual Set

Perceptual set can cause issues in what circumstance

A

FIRST ENCOUNTERS
encountering something new or unfamiliar

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54
Q

Perceptual Set

What is the definition of perceptual set

A

“Bias, predisposition or readiness to perceive particular features or stimulus”

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55
Q

Perceptual Set

Perceptual set works in what 2 ways

A
  1. SELECTING information
  2. INTERPRETING information

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56
Q

Perceptual Set

Expectations allow us to do what

A

FOCUS ATTENTION

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57
Q

Perceptual Set

Expectancy is sensitive to the ____ in which information is received

A

CONTEXT

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58
Q

Perceptual Set

Expectancy of radio messages can influence what

A

AUDIO PERCEPTION

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59
Q

Organisation of the brain

The cortex is divided into how many parts
The parts are known as what

A
  1. 2 HALVES (left and right)
  2. HEMISPHERES

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60
Q

Organisation of the brain

The 2 hemispheres of the brain are connected by what

A

LARGE BUNDLE OF NERVES

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61
Q

Organisation of the brain

The large bundle of nerves connecting the 2 hemispheres of the brain together allow for what

A

COMMUNICATION and EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION

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62
Q

Organisation of the brain

3 specific cortexes of the brain directly correlated to function

A
  1. VISUAL
  2. MOTOR
  3. SENSORY

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63
Q

Organisation of the brain

What is the motor cortex responsible for

A

INITIATING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

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64
Q

Organisation of the brain

What is the sensory cortex responsible for

A

DETECTING SENSORY INPUTS FROM PARTS OF THE BODY

306

65
Q

Organisation of the brain

What is the visual cortex responsible for

A

MAPS VISUAL FIELDS

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66
Q

Organisation of the brain

There is a huge built in bias in what 2 cortex areas

A
  1. MOTOR
  2. SENSORY

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67
Q

Organisation of the brain

Large areas of the cortex are devoted to relatively small but critically important areas of the body. 4 examples include;

  1. ____ : attached to arm
  2. ____ : attached to the above answer
  3. ____ : found on the face
  4. ____ : used for kissing
A
  1. HANDS
  2. FINGERS
  3. MOUTH
  4. LIPS

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68
Q

Organisation of the brain

Visual fields are mapped how within the brain

A

LEFT VISUAL FIELD projected onto LEFT VISUAL CORTEX
RIGHT VISUAL FIELD projtected onto RIGHT VISUAL CORTEX

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69
Q

Organisation of the brain

The right hemisphere is concerned with what 2 things

A
  1. NON-VERBAL REASONING
  2. SPATIAL SKILLS

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70
Q

Organisation of the brain

The left hemisphere is concerned with what 4 things

  1. ____ : talking
  2. ____ : documenting
  3. ____ : this makes sense
  4. ____ : making a decision
A
  1. SPEECH
  2. WRITING
  3. LOGIC
  4. CONSCIOUS THOUGHT

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71
Q

Organisation of the brain

The front of the temporal cortex is associated with some of the highest human characterisitcs, such as what 2 things

A
  1. REASONING
  2. PERSONALITY

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72
Q

Organisation of the brain

non-verbal reasoning and spatial skills are associated with which part of the brain

A

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

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73
Q

Organisation of the brain

Speech, writing, logic, and conscious thought are associated with which part of the brain

A

LEFT HEMISPHERE

308

74
Q

Organisation of the brain

Reasoning and personality are associated with which part of the brain

A

FRONT OF TEMPORAL CORTEX

308

75
Q

Organisation of the brain

A

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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