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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 05. The Eye and Vision > Flashcards

05. The Eye and Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What 3 elements does the visual system comprise of?

A
  1. EYES
  2. OPTIC NERVE
  3. VISUAL CORTEX

pg 112

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2
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What does the optic nerve connect the eyes to

A

VISUAL CORTEX

pg 112

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3
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What is the visual cortex

A

AREA AT BACK OF BRAIN
Responsible for processing information received by the eyes

pg 112

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4
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The outside eye is covered in a smooth, very tough layer of white tissued called what

A

SCLERA

pg 114

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5
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The ____ allows light to enter the eye and fall onto the lens

A

TRANSLUCENT CORNEA

pg 114

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6
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The hole in the iris is known as what

A

PUPIL

pg 114

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7
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The ___ contracts and expands in response to light levels

A

IRIS

pg 114

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8
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The cornea helps focus light onto which part of the eye

A

RETINA

pg 114

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9
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The focusing process, in which the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle takes place, thus changing the focal length of the lens, is known as what

A

ACCOMMODATION

pg 114

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10
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The back of the eye is densely packed with what 2 things

hint
1. which reacts to light and colour
2. which reacts to stimuli

A
  1. PHOTORECEPTORS (cones and rods)
  2. NEURONS

pg 114

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11
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A
  1. RODS - sensitive to light
  2. CONES - colour detection

pg 115

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12
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

RODS or CONES are the most sensitive receptor to light

A

RODS

REMEMBER
Cones = Colour

pg 115

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13
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

RODS or CONES are the most sensitive receptor to colour

A

CONES

REMEMBER
Cones = Colour

pg 115

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14
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What are the 2 fluids that help maintain the spherical shape of the eye

A
  1. AQUEOUS HUMOUR
  2. VITREOUS HUMOUR

pg 116

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15
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What liquid occupies the space in front of the lens

A

AQUEOUS HUMOUR

REMEMBER
Advanced; meaning forward = Aqueous
Volume; meaning larger space = Vitreous

pg 116

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16
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What liquid occupies the space behind of the lens

A

VITREOUS HUMOUR

REMEMBER
Advanced; meaning forward = Aqueous
Volume; meaning larger space = Vitreous

pg 116

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17
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What component of the eye washes the surface with a mildly antibiotic solution

A

TEAR DUCT

pg 116

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18
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

Why is it important for the cornea to be kept moist at all times

A

HELPS DIFFUSE OXYGEN

pg 116

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19
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

What is the purpose of the 2 photoreceptors rods and cones

A

DETECT LIGHT and COLOUR
Rods - black and white, highly sensitive to light
Cones - colour, less sensitive to light, not used at night

pg 117

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20
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The axons of the cells to which the rods and cones are connected to, exit the eye at what point

A

OPTIC DISC

pg 117

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21
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The optic disc has no (i) ____, and as a result, cannot detect (ii) ____.
This is therefore known as the (iii)____

A
  1. PHOTORECEPTORS
  2. LIGHT
  3. BLIND SPOT

pg 117

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22
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

CONES or RODS are the principle means of vision during the day

A

CONES

REMEMBER
Ice cream cones by the beach on a sunny day

pg 117

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23
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

CONES or RODS are the principle means of vision during the night

A

RODS

REMEMBER
Ice cream cones by the beach on a sunny day
Rods are highly sensitive to light, which there is little of in the dark

pg 117

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24
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The central area of the retina, which is densely packed with cones, is known as what

A

FOVEA

pg 117

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25
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The area immediately surrounding the fovea is densely packed with what

A

RODS and CONES

pg 117

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26
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The number of cones INCREASE or DECREASE as you move progressively outwards from the fovea

A

DECREASE

pg 117

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27
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

Which part of the retina is able to resolve letters and numbers, and why

A
  1. FOVEA
  2. DENSELY PACKED WITH RODS AND CONES

pg 118

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28
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

Which part of the eye is most sensitive to detecting objects at night and why

A
  1. PERIPHERAL VISION
  2. Cones DECREASE outwards from the fovea (center of retina), rods are more sensitive to light

pg 118

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29
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The entire area of space which can be seen at any one time is known as what

A

VISUAL FIELD

pg 119

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30
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The sudden and jerky movement of the eye is known as what

A

SACCADE

THINK
Side-to-side = Saccade
where AC and CA are side by side

pg 120

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31
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

Which part of the visual system is specifically tuned to respond to relative movement

A

VISUAL CORTEX

pg 120

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32
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

The process of our eyes smoothly tracking a moving object is known as what sort of movement

A

PURSUIT MOVEMENT

THINK
Following is in pursuit

pg 120

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33
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

Objects passing through the field of vision are tracked. This allows them to be ____ upon, which allows them to be tracked again.

This is an alternating pattern of ____ and ____ movement of the eye

A
  1. FIXATED
  2. PURSUIT
  3. SACCADE

pg 120

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34
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System

A group of how many muscles make eye movements
What part of the eye are the muscles attached to

A
  1. 6
  2. SCLERA

pg 121

35
Q

Vision

The process of taking signals from the eyes an interpreting them in the brain is known as what

A

VISION

pg 122

36
Q

Vision

Why is some visual acuity lost in the dark

A

CONES NOT CONTRIBUTING
Cones, which require high levels of flight to function, are not contributing to object detection

pg 123

37
Q

Vision

What are 2 biological reasons for a loss of visual acutiy

A
  1. AGE
  2. DISEASE

pg 123

38
Q

Vision

What are 5 physiological factors for reducing visual acuity

REMEMBER
You are mash less
M
A
S
H
LsSs

A
  1. MEDICATIONS
  2. ALCOHOL
  3. SMOKING - excessive CO2
  4. SHORT/LONG SIGHTEDNESS
  5. HYPOXIA - cabin altitude > 5,000 ft

REMEMBER MASShH (MASH)
Medications
Alcohol
Smoking
Hypoxia
Long sightedness
Short sightedness

pg 123

39
Q

Vision

Visual fields of each eye overlap, which creates what sort of vision.
This is necessary for what

A
  1. BINOCULAR / STEREOSCOPIC
  2. DEPTH PERCEPTION (short distance)

pg 124

40
Q

Vision

What range is stereoscopic depth perception effective up to

A

60 m (200 ft)

pg 124

41
Q

Vision

Another term for binocular vision is what

A

STEREOSCOPIC VISION

pg 124

42
Q

Vision

What are the 4 visual cues used beyond stereoscopic vision to infer depth

A
  1. COLOUR
  2. CONTRAST
  3. SIZE
  4. RATE OF MOVEMENT

  1. COLOUR - Paler objects considered more distance
  2. CONTRAST - decreasing contrast seen as increasing distance
  3. SIZE - large objects seen as small object inferred as distant
  4. RATE OF MOVEMENT - angular displacement far away is reduced. Rapid movement therefore inferred to be closer

pg 124

43
Q

Vision

What sort of vision results in the loss of all depth perception

A

MONOCULAR (one eyed)

pg 124

44
Q

Dark and light adaptation

The process of increasing retinal sensitivity to reducing light is known as what

A

DARK ADAPTATION

pg 125

45
Q

Dark and light adaptation

It takes 7-9 minutes for CONES or RODS to become adapted to dark
It takes 30 minutes for CONES or RODS to become adapted to dark

A
  1. CONES
  2. RODS

REMEMBER
C before R
C for cones comes before R for rods in the alphabet

pg 125

46
Q

Dark and light adaptation

How long does it take for the eye to adapt from darkness to bright light conditions

A

10 seconds

pg 126

47
Q

Dark and light adaptation

Bleaching of the retina from sudden exposure to bright light is known as what

A

FLASH BLINDNESS

pg 126

48
Q

Dark and light adaptation

Why is it recommended to turn up the lights in the cockpit at night during a thunderstorm

A

AVOID FLASH BLINDNESS
happens when the eyes are bleached from the sudden flash of lightening

pg 126

49
Q

Dark and light adaptation

Rods and cones are very sensitive to the effects of what condition that typically could occur at high altitudes

A

HYPOXIA

pg 126

50
Q

Dark and light adaptation

What operational maintenance process is a prime culprit to eye damage in the aviation industry over time

A

ARC WELDING

Repairing the fuselage using welding torches

pg 127

51
Q

Dark and light adaptation

At what end of the spectrum does the highest level of light energy occur (what colour).
What level is the highest risk (light range)
Where do these light energies typically occur (altitude)

A
  1. BLUE
  2. ULTRAVIOLET
  3. HIGH ALTITUDES

pg 127

52
Q

Dark and light adaptation

When selecting sunglasses for the cockpit, what 4 qualities should you try to ensure they meet

  1. ____ : brand
  2. ____ : made from
  3. ____ : frames
  4. ____ : regulation
A
  1. HIGH QUALITY
  2. POLYCARBONATE MATERIAL
  3. THIN / NO RIMS
  4. CONFORMS with EN 1836:1997

pg 128

53
Q

Dark and light adaptation

What 2 types of sunglasses are not permitted in the flight cockpit

A
  1. PHOTOCHROMIC
  2. POLARISED

pg 128

54
Q

Physiological limitations

Why is it important to frequently change your focus of attention when looking out of the cockpit window

A

BLIND SPOT
avoid potential threat coinciding with the blind spot

pg 129

55
Q

Physiological limitations

When the eye has no objects to attract its attention, this causes issues with the ability to focus on distant objects. This is known as what

A

EMPTY FIELD MYOPIA

pg 131

56
Q

Physiological limitations

When suffering from empty field myopia, the eyes will result to default focus, which is a range of approximately how far

A

1 - 2 METRES

pg 131

57
Q

Physiological limitations

What are 2 key issues related to focusing and vision in the dark

A
  1. PUPILS DILATED
  2. ONLY RODS USED - few located near fovea

Dilated pupils removes the beneficial effect a constricted pupil brings for focusing.
There are few rods located near the fovea.

pg 132

58
Q

Physiological limitations

People with what sort of eyesight have issues focusing in the dark

A

POOR EYESIGHT

pg 132

59
Q

Physiological limitations

At night, it is sometimes necessary to look at objects using peripheral vision, meaning you are looking at the object ____.
Why is this required

A
  1. OFF-CENTRE
  2. ONLY RODS USED

Few rods in the fovea. Since only rods are used at night, and these are used more specifically in the peripheral vision, it is better to look off-centre to help with object detection.

pg 132

60
Q

Physiological limitations

When scanning the sky, how much should each stop overlap with the last search field

A

10°

pg 133

61
Q

Defective vision

Cones detect colour vision. This is known as what

A

PHOTOPIC VISION

pg 134

62
Q

Defective vision

Rods detect various shades of light and dark. This is known as what

A

SCOTOPIC VISION

pg 134

63
Q

Defective vision

The most common type of eye defect is what

A

REFRACTIVE ERROR

pg 135

64
Q

Defective vision

Myopia is what sort of eye defect

A

SHORT SIGHTEDNESS

pg 135

65
Q

Defective vision

What is short sigtedness known as

A

MYOPIA

pg 135

66
Q

Defective vision

Hyperopia (hypermetropia) is what sort of eye defect

A

LONG SIGHTEDNESS

pg 135

67
Q

Defective vision

Long sightedness is known as

A

HYPEROPIA

pg 135

68
Q

Defective vision

What sort of lens will be used to correct vision for someone suffering from myopia

A

CONCAVE

Short sightedness, concave (inwards sloping) lens

pg 135

69
Q

Defective vision

What sort of lens will be used to correct vision for someone suffering from hyperopia

A

CONVEX

Long sightedness, convex (outwards bowing) lens

pg 135

70
Q

Defective vision

Long sightedness / hyperopia is the inability to focus on what
Short sightedness / myopia is the inability to focus on what

A
  1. NEAR OBJECTS
  2. FAR AWAY OBJECTS

pg 135

71
Q

Defective vision

What is astigmatism

A

SLIGHT IMPERFECTIONS in CORNEA or LENS

pg 137

72
Q

Defective vision

Slight imperfections in the cornea or lens that causes slight variations in optical power between areas of the cornea is known as what

A

ASTIGMATISM

pg 137

73
Q

Defective vision

What are the conditions that must be met by a pilot in order to retain their pilot licence/medical if using corrective lenses;

  1. Not worse than ____/____ vision in either eye
  2. Not worse than ____/____ vision in both eyes
  3. Read small print up to ____cm (same as which line in snellen chart)
A
  1. 6/9
  2. 6/6
  3. 30cm
  4. Next to bottom

pg 138

74
Q

Defective vision

Wherever corrective glasses are used, what must a pilot carry at all times when exercising their pilots licence

A

SPARE PAIR

pg 138

75
Q

Defective vision

When using corrective glasses, bifocal lenses ARE or ARE NOT permitted

A

ARE PERMITTED

pg 138

76
Q

Defective vision

When using corrective contact lenses, bifocal lenses ARE or ARE NOT permitted

A

ARE NOT PERMITTED

pg 138

77
Q

Defective vision

What is presbyopia

A

LONG SIGHTEDNESS
reduction in the elasticity of the lens

pg 139

78
Q

Defective vision

Long sightedness caused by a reduction in the elasticity of the lens, typically age related is known as what

A

PRESBYOPIA

pg 139

79
Q

Defective vision

What is cataracts

A

CLOUDING OF LENSES OF EYES

pg 140

80
Q

Defective vision

A clouding of the lenses of the eyes is known as what condition

A

CATARACTS

pg 140

81
Q

Defective vision

Cataracts is a progressive disease that results in increasingly what sort of lenses

A

OPAQUE

pg 140

82
Q

Defective vision

Internal (intraocular) pressure of the eye increases. This condition is know as what

A

GLAUCOMA

pg 141

83
Q

Defective vision

What is glaucoma

A

INTERNAL (INTRAOCULAR) PRESSURE OF THE EYE INCREASES

pg 141

84
Q

Defective vision

What is an early symptom of glaucoma

A

LOSS OF VISUAL ACUITY

pg 141

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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