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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 03. The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

03. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The Cardiovascular System

The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to carry what 2 things TO the cells in the body

A
  1. OXYGEN
  2. NUTRIENTS

pg 56

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2
Q

The Cardiovascular System

The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to carry what FROM the cells in the body

A

CO2

pg 56

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3
Q

The Cardiovascular System

The cardiocascular system compromises of 2 core elements, which are

A
  1. HEART (pump)
  2. BLOOD VESSELS (interconnected channels)

pg 56

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4
Q

The Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels are divided into what 4 categories

A
  1. ARTERIES
  2. ARTERIOLES
  3. CAPILLARIES
  4. VEINS

Arteries - main trunk
Arterioles - smaller branches of arteries
Capillaries - smallest blood vessels
Veins - drain deoxygenated blood

pg 56

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5
Q

The Cardiovascular System

There are ____ as many veins than arteries

A

TWICE

pg 56

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6
Q

Composition of Blood

Blood is comprised of a fluid called what

A

PLASMA

pg 58

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7
Q

Composition of Blood

RED BLOOD CELLS carry what around the body

A

OXYGEN

pg 58

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8
Q

Composition of Blood

What is suspended in plasma and carries oxygen around the body

A

RED BLOOD CELLS

pg 58

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9
Q

Composition of Blood

What is suspended in plasma and fights infection in the body

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

pg 58

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10
Q

Composition of Blood

What is suspended in plasma and helps repair blood vessels after injury

A

PLATELETS

pg 58

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11
Q

Composition of Blood

What 3 things does the plasma have suspended in it

A
  1. RED BLOOD CELLS
  2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
  3. PLATELETS

pg 58

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12
Q

Composition of Blood

What is the purpose of RED BLOOD CELLS

A

CARRY OXYGEN AROUND BODY

pg 58

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13
Q

Composition of Blood

What is the purpose of WHITE BLOOD CELLS

A

FIGHT INFECTION

pg 58

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14
Q

Composition of Blood

What is the purpose of PLATELETS

A

REPAIR BLOOD VESSELS

pg 58

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15
Q

Composition of Blood

How many days is the typical life of a blood cell

A

120 days

pg 58

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16
Q

Composition of Blood

The normal resting output of the heart is how many litres of blood per minute

A

5 LTR per MIN

pg 59

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17
Q

Composition of Blood

Why are RED BLOOD CELLS so effective at carrying around oxygen

A

HAEMOGLOBIN

pg 59

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18
Q

Composition of Blood

How many molecules of O2 can one molecule of HAEMOGLOBIN carry

A

4 MOLECULES

pg 59

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19
Q

Composition of Blood

How does oxygen enter into the plasma

A

ALVEOLI via LUNGS

pg 59 / pg 63

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20
Q

Composition of Blood

What colour is HAEMOGLOBIN when fully saturated with oxygen

A

RED

pg 60

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21
Q

Composition of Blood

What colour is HAEMOGLOBIN when it loses its oxygen

A

DARK PURPLE

pg 60

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22
Q

Composition of Blood

What does the term CYANOSIS describe

A

BLUE COLOUR of LIPS and EXTREMITIES when someone is suffering from HYPOXIA

pg 60

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23
Q

Composition of Blood

What term is used to describe someone suffering from HYPOXIA and exhibiting blue lips and extremities

A

CYANOSIS

pg 60

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24
Q

Composition of Blood

Someone with an excessively low number of red blood cells or reduced haemoglobin levels or both suffers from what condition

A

ANAEMIA

pg 61

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25
Q

Composition of Blood

Someone suffering from ANAEMIA has excessively low what

A

RED BLOOD CELLS, HAEMOGLOBIN, or BOTH

pg 61

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26
Q

Composition of Blood

HAEMOGLOBIN is rich in what mineral

A

IRON

pg 61

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27
Q

Composition of Blood

An iron deficiency can result in insufficient what

A

OXYGEN SUPPLY to CELLS

pg 61

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28
Q

Composition of Blood

2 common causes of iron deficiency are what

A
  1. PEPTIC ULCER
  2. PREGNANCY

pg 61

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29
Q

Composition of Blood

In medical terms;
____ means long lasting
____ means short duration

A
  1. CHRONIC
  2. ACUTE

pg 61

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30
Q

Composition of Blood

In medical terms;
CHRONIC means ____
ACUTE means ____

A
  1. LONG LASTING
  2. SHORT DURATION

pg 61

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31
Q

Composition of Blood

After blood loss, BLOOD PLASMA restores QUICKLY or SLOWLY

A

QUICKLY

pg 61

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32
Q

Composition of Blood

After blood loss, RED BLOOD CELLS restore QUICKLY or SLOWLY

A

SLOWLY

pg 61

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33
Q

Composition of Blood

Why are time limits imposed on flying after donating blood

A

RED BLOOD CELLS restore SLOWLY
Red blood cells carry oxygenated blood around the body, but restore slowly after blood loss

pg 61

34
Q

A chronic form of anaemia is known as what

A

SICKLE-CELL ANAEMIA

pg 61

35
Q

Composition of Blood

CARBON MONOXIDE is how many times more likely to bind with haemoglobin than O2

A

200 TIMES

pg 62

36
Q

Composition of Blood

A victim of carbon monoxide poisoning suffering from hypoxia will not display signs of ____.
Instead, the persons face will appear ____.

A
  1. CYANOSIS
  2. FLUSHED RED

pg 62

37
Q

Composition of Blood

The most common source of carbon monoxide is what

A

CIGARETTE SMOKE

pg 62

38
Q

The Circulation

What is the definition of PULMONARY CIRCULATION

i.e. what is it supplying, and from what to what

A

DEDICATED CIRCUIT
DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD
RIGHT side of HEART –> LUNGS
via PULMONARY ARTERY

The pulmonary circulation is a dedicated circuit which supplies deoxygenated blood directly from the right side of the heart tot he lings via the pulmonary artery

pg 63

39
Q

The Circulation

How does oxygenated blood leaving the lungs flow back to the heart

A

via PULMONARY VEINS

pg 63

40
Q

The Circulation

What is the purpose of the PULMONARY ARTERY
What is the purpose of the PULMONARY VEIN

A
  1. DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD from HEART to LUNGS
  2. OXYGENATED BLOD from LUNGS to HEART

pg 63

41
Q

The Circulation

What is the purpose of the capillaries to be extremely thin

A

Allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse readily into cells

pg 65

42
Q

The Circulation

How does fluid surrounding cells and tissues drain back into the blood stream

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Fluid drains back into the blood stream via a series of channels known as the lymphatic system

pg 65

43
Q

The Circulation

What is the purpose of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

Drain fluid from cells and tissue back into the blood stream

pg 65

44
Q

The Circulation

What do capillaries carrying de-oxygenated blood connnect to

A

VENULES

pg 65

45
Q

The Heart

How many chambers does the heart have

46
Q

The Heart

The large muscle surrounding the hearts 4 chambers is known as what

A

MYOCARDIUM

pg 66

47
Q

The Heart

What causes the rhythmic contraction of the heart muscle

A

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
(pacemaker)

pg 67

48
Q

The Heart

What is the name given to the hearts own internal source of electrical stimulation

A

PACEMAKER

pg 67

49
Q

The Heart

When the heart pumps, it causes pressure waves through the circulatory system. These can be felt as what

A

PULSE

pg 67

50
Q

The Heart

Pulse rate can be affected by what 7 things;
1. ____ : more blood to the muslces
2. ____ : more blood to the brain
3. ____ : increases with age
4. ____ : increase of 7-10 beats per minute for every degree increase
5. ____ : increased pulse rate when low
6. ____ : increased pulse rate
7. ____ : increased slightly

A
  1. PHYSICAL EXERCISE
  2. EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
  3. AGE
  4. BODY TEMPERATURE
  5. BLOOD PRESSURE
  6. PAIN
  7. DIGESTION

pg 67

51
Q

The Heart

What 2 things wrap around the outside of the heart in order to help supply oxygen and nutrients

A
  1. CORONARY ARTERIES
  2. VEINS

pg 68

52
Q

The Heart

What is the primary function of the CORONARY ARTERIES

A

Supply blood and nutrients to the heart

pg 68

53
Q

The Heart

What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. DIASTOLE
  2. SYSTOLE
54
Q

The Heart

What state is the heart in during the DIASTOLE phase
i.e. relaxed or contracted

A

RELAXED
All 4 chambers filled with blood

REMEMBER:
DIastole - DIlated - wide open
Systole - Squeezed - contracted

pg 69

55
Q

The Heart

What state is the heart in during the SYSTOLE phase
i.e. relaxed or contracted

A

CONTRACTED
Chambers squeezed, forcing blood to flow through the system

pg 69

56
Q

The Heart

What is the name given to the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles during the SYSTOLE PHASE

A

STROKE VOLUME

pg 70

57
Q

The Heart

What is the stroke volume for a normal healthy male heart

A

75 ml

pg 70

58
Q

The Heart

What is the equation to measure cardiac output

A

HEART RATE x STROKE VOLUME

If the resting heart rate is 70 beats per minute, and the stroke volume of the healthy heart is 75 ml, the cardiac output is;

70 beats per minute x 75 ml = 5.2 litres

pg 70

59
Q

The Heart

The blood pressure of a healthy adult heart during the SYSTOLIC PHASE is what

A

120 mm Hg

pg 70

60
Q

The Heart

The blood pressure of a healthy adult heart during the DIASTOLIC PHASE is what

A

80 mm Hg

pg 70

61
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is the name given to the condition of abnormally HIGH blood pressure

A

HYPERTENSION

REMEMBER:
HYPER = HIGH = BIG
HYPO = LOW = SMALL
Hyper and Hypo are used a lot in multiple conditions. Remember these meanings

pg 71

62
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is HYPERTENSION

A

ABNORMALLY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

pg 71

63
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is the name given to the condition of abnormally LOW blood pressure

A

HYPOTENSION

REMEMBER:
HYPER = HIGH = BIG
HYPO = LOW = SMALL
Hyper and Hypo are used a lot in multiple conditions. Remember these meanings

pg 72

64
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is HYPOTENSION

A

ABNORMALLY LOW BLOOD PRESSURE

pg 72

65
Q

Disorders of the Heart

3 most common causes of HYPERTENSION

A
  1. AGE
  2. GENETIC
  3. OBESITY

pg 71

66
Q

Disorders of the Heart

6 additional causes or contributors to HYPERTENSION secondary to age, genetics, and obesity

REMEMBER: ASSS ‘OLe

A
  1. ALCOHOL
  2. SMOKING
  3. STRESS
  4. SALT - high salt intake
  5. ORAL - oral contraceptives
  6. LACK of EXERCISE

pg 71

67
Q

Disorders of the Heart

A hypotensive state can be caused by what 2 factors

A
  1. SHOCK
  2. MASSIVE BLEEDING

pg 72

68
Q

Disorders of the Heart

Symptoms of hypotension can include these 4 things

  1. ____ : room is spinning
  2. ____ : cannot catch breath
  3. ____ : Elizabeth in Pirates of Caribbean
  4. ____ : unconscious
A
  1. DIZZINESS
  2. SHORTNESS OF BREATH
  3. FAINTING
  4. COMA

pg 72

69
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is ANGINA

A

Progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries and veins

pg 73

70
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is the name given to the progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries and veins

A

ANGINA

pg 73

71
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is one of the key symptoms of ANGINA

A

INTENSE CHEST PAIN DURING EXERCISE

pg 73

72
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What are the 2 typical causes the coronary artery blockage that result in a HEART ATTACK

A
  1. PLAQUE BUILD-UP
  2. BLOOD CLOT

pg 73

73
Q

Disorders of the Heart

The name given to tissue death that occurs to parts of the heart that cause a heart attack

A

INFARCT

pg 73

74
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is the medical term given to a heart attack

A

MYOCARDIUM INFARCTION

pg 73

75
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What is released into the blood stream during a heart attack and why

A
  1. ADRENALINE
  2. INCREASE HEART RATE

pg 74

76
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What are 3 symptoms of a heart attack

A
  1. PALE SKIN
  2. HIGH PULSE RATE
  3. SEVERE CHEST PAIN

pg 74

77
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What are 4 steps a person can take to preserve cardiovascular health

  1. ____ : avoid fatty foods
  2. ____ : don’t eat so much
  3. ____ : keep it lower
  4. ____ : quit!

REMEMBER Avoid COBS

A
  1. CHOLESTEROL - reduce it
  2. OBESITY - avoid it
  3. BLOOD PRESSURE - reduce it
  4. SMOKING - quit

REDUCE CHOLESTEROL - Consume less fat and sugar
AVOID OBESITY - Exercise and healthy eating
REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE - Reduce salt intake and exercise more
QUITE SMOKING

pg 75

78
Q

Disorders of the Heart

What are 5 key benefits from aerobic exercise

  1. ____ : Strengthens
  2. ____ : improved efficiency going around
  3. ____ : more of them
  4. ____ : Moving more freely
  5. ____ : lowered

REMEMBER
red blood cells flow around the circulation system because of pressure created by the heart

A
  1. HEART MUSCLE - Strengthens
  2. CIRCULATION - improved efficiency
  3. RED BLOOD CELLS - increased
  4. BLOOD FLOW - increased in heart muscle
  5. BLOOD PRESSURE - lowered

pg 75

79
Q

Measuring Blood Pressure

Blood pressure readings are taken at what 2 points

A
  1. SYSTOLIC
  2. DIASTOLIC

SYSTOLIC - artery fully squeezed, measures the squeeze of the heart
DIASTOLIC - normal blood flow, artery no longer squeezed

pg 76

80
Q

ACE TEST

HYPERTENSION is a major risk factor for what ailment

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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