08. Threats to Aviation Flashcards by C MC

Decompression Sickness

Air is a compromised mixture of 3 gases in what percentage (%)
1. Gas (i) ____ | ____%
2. Gas (ii) ____ | ____ %
3. Gas (iii) ____ | ____%

Nitrogen | 78%
Oxygen | 21%
Other | 1%

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Decompression Sickness

During respiration, gas and nitrogen difuse into the blood stream. Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin. What 2 things is nitrogen absorbed into

TISSUES
BLOOD PLASMA

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Decompression Sickness

What is the cause of nitrogen to start forming tiny bubbles

REDUCTION IN AMBIENT PRESSURE

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Decompression Sickness

A reduction in ambient pressure causes what to form in the blood plasma

TINY NITROGEN BUBBLES

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Decompression Sickness

Tiny nitrogen bubbles merge together to create larger bubbles known as what

AIR EMBOLISMS

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Decompression Sickness

What is the result of air embolisms becoming trapped in natural pinch points throughout the body, such as elbows and knees

BLOCK THE PASSAGE OF BLOOD

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Decompression Sickness

For pilots, decompression sickness (DCS) is likely to occur under which 2 circumstances

UNPRESSURISED AIRCRAFT
HIGH ALTITUDE

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Decompression Sickness

Decompression sickness (DCS) is unlikely to occur at altitudes of less than ____ ft

14,000 ft

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Decompression Sickness

Prolonged flight in an unpressurised aircraft above ____ ft can cause DCS

18,000 ft

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Decompression Sickness

Above ____ ft the risk of DCS is significantly increased

25,000 ft

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Decompression Sickness

What are the 4 characteristic symptoms of DCS

decompression sickness

THE BENDS
THE CREEPS
THE CHOKCES
THE STAGGERS

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Decompression Sickness

What are the characteristics of THE BENDS

Embolisms in THE JOINTS
intense arthritis type pain

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Decompression Sickness

What are the characteristics of THE CREEPS

Embolisms in THE CAPILLARIES
Feeling of ants crawling under your skin

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Decompression Sickness

What are the charactersitics of THE CHOKES

Embolism in THE LUNGS
Chest pain and coughing slowly increasing in severity, with deep breahting
Usually associated with divers in rapid ascents

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Decompression Sickness

What are the characteristics of THE STAGGERS

Embolisms in capillaries IN THE BRAIN
Disturbances in walking, neurological side effects

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Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolisms in capillaries IN THE BRAIN
Disturbances in walking, neurological side effects”

THE STAGGERS

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Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolisms in THE CAPILLARIES
Feeling of ants crawling under your skin”

THE CREEPS

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Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolisms in THE JOINTS
intense arthritis type pain”

THE BENDS

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Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolism in THE LUNGS
Chest pain and coughing slowly increasing in severity, with deep breahting
Usually associated with divers in rapid ascents”

THE CHOKES

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Decompression Sickness

For all cases of DCS, what is the right course of treatment

INCREASE AMBIENT PRESSURE

causes nitrogen to dissolve back into solution

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Decompression Sickness

If a passenger or crew member is showing symptoms of DCS, what action must the pilot take

DESCEND IMMEDIATELY

Descend until the symptoms are no longer evident

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Decompression Sickness

What is the inherient risk regarding nitrogen saturation (regrading body tissues) when performing ameature scuba diving

INCREASED SATURATION into BODY TISSUES

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Decompression Sickness

A pilot must not fly after scuba diving for how long in the following conditions;

Shallow diving using compressed air : ____ hrs
Depth greater than 30 ft : ____ hrs

12 hours
24 hours

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Manoeuvre - High G

What does G-LOC stand for

G-INDUCED LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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# Manoeuvre - High G To what structural G limit are airliners built to (i) What G limit would they typically operate at (ii)

1. 2.5g 2. 1.1 - 1.2g ## Footnote 200

# Manoeuvre - High G In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to *angular accelerations*

PITCHING UP and DOWN (Z axis) ## Footnote 201

# Manoeurvre - High G In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to *linear accelerations*

INCREASE or DECREASE IN AIRSPEED ## Footnote 201

# Manoeurvre - High G 1g is equal to the earth's gravitational force. This is the equivilant to an acceleration of what

9.82m sec^2 ## Footnote 201

# Manoeurvre - High G The heart must pump ____ to counteract the force of gravity to push blood ____

1. AT SUFFICIENT PRESSURE 2. UP TO THE BRAIN ## Footnote 201

# Manoeurvre - High G The wide variation in arterial blood pressure is known as what

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ## Footnote 202

# Manoeurvre - High G Pressure is *HIGHEST or LOWEST* in the head. Pressure is *HIGEST or LOWEST* in the feet at high positive G

1. LOWEST 2. HIGHEST ## Footnote 202

# Manoeurvre - High G What G does a high performance aerobatic aircraft typically operate at

5-6 G ## Footnote 202

# Manoeurvre - High G When operating an aerobatic aircraft at high G, what is an inherent problem with the heart

OUTPUT PRESSURE REMAINS UNCHANGED ## Footnote Output pressure of the heart remains unchanged. As G foce increases, pressure of the arterial blood reaching areas of the body above the heart falls, whilst pressure in the lower limbs rises. 202

# Manoeurvre - High G As g forces increase, the pressure of arterial blood reaching the areas of the body above the heart *RISE or FALL*, whilst pressure in the lower limbs *RISE or FALL*

1. FALL 2. RISE ## Footnote 202

# Manoeurvre - High G Someone who is fit and wearing protective g suit clothing can sustain consciousness and vision up to ____g An unprepared person or someone unwell will become unconscious at ____g

1. 8-9g 2. 4g ## Footnote 203

# Manoeurvre - High G 7 major factors which affect the tolerance to G are what; 1. ____ : height difference 2. ____ : tensing abdominal muscles as example 3. ____ : frequent practice 4. ____ : Anti-g trousers as example 5. ____ : unfit or unwell 6. ____ : time to react 7. ____ : prolonged exposure

1. POSTURE 2. ACTIVE MEASURES 3. EXPERIENCE 4. EQIPMENT 5. HEALTH 6. SPEED OF ONSET 7. DURATION ## Footnote 203

# Manoeuvre - High G Positive G is caused by *PITCH UP or PITCH DOWN* Negative G is caused by *PITCH UP or PITCH DOWN*

1. PITCH UP 2. PITCH DOWN ## Footnote 204

# Manoeurvre - High G Negative G is caused by what 2 conditions

1. PITCH DOWN 2. INVERTED FLIGHT ## Footnote 204

# Manoeurvre - High G Under negative G, where does the blood pool *FEET or HEAD*

HEAD ## Footnote 204

# Carbon Monoxide How many more times is carbon monoxide easily bound to haemoglobin than O2

200 time ## Footnote 205

# Carbon Monoxide What symptom will a person exhibit who is suffering from hypoxia due to carbon monoxied posioning

RED FLUSHED FACE ## Footnote 206

# Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide gas has what 2 qualities that make it very hard to detect

1. COLOURLESS 2. ODOURLESS ## Footnote 209

# Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is a higher risk of entering a *SEP or JET* type aircraft and why

SEP Engine exhaust system very close to the cabin ## Footnote 209

# Carbon Monoxide At what rate can the body remove carbon monoxide (CO) ## FOOTNOTE A % how many hours

0.5% every 4 hours ## Footnote 210

# Carbon Monoxide What are 6 possible symptoms of Carbon monoxide (CO) posioning

1. HEADACHE 2. DIZZINESS 3. FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS 4. NAUSEA 5. ABDOMINAL PAIN 6. SORE THROAT / DRY COUGH ## Footnote 210

# Carbon Monoxide What is the only effective method of detecting carbon monoxide

CO DETECTOR ## Footnote 211

# Carbon Monoxide What are the 3 actions a pilot should take if you suspect carbon monoxide is in the cabin when airborne ## FOOTNOTE answer does not include don oxygen masks, which might be an acceptable option for a commercial pilot

1. SHUT OF CABIN HEATING 2. OPEN COLD VENTING / WINDOWS 3. LAND ASAP ## Footnote 211

# Barotrauma Barotrauma describes an injury caused by what

PRESSURE ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma What does Boyles Law state

In an enclosed space, the sum of PRESSURE and VOLUME remain CONSTANT ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma What type of trauma does the following describe; "Trapped gases in the stomach and intenstine causing abdominal pain"

GASTRO-INTESTINAL BAROTRAUMA ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma What type of trauma does the following describe; "Pockets of gas trapped in a cavity under a filling or caused by a dental abscess"

AERODONTALGIA ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma What type of trauma does the following describe; "Blocked eustachian tube causing intense ear pain or ruptured eardrum"

OTIC BAROTRAUMA ## Footnote 213

# Barotrauma What are the typical symptoms experienced with *GASTRO-INTENSTINAL BAROTRAUMA*

ABDOMINAL PAIN caused by trapped gas ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma What are the typical symptoms experienced with *OTIC BAROTRAUMA*

EAR PAIN blocked eustacian tube, ruptured ear drum ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma What are the typical symptoms experienced with *AERODONTALGIA*

TOOTH ACHE gas trapped in dental cavities ## Footnote 212

# Barotrauma *OTIC BAROTRAUMA* is most common in what stage of flight

DESCENT ## Footnote 213

# Barotrauma What are the typical sumptoms experience with *SINUS BAROTRAUMA*

NOSE & FOREHEAD PAIN between the eyes, sometimes with a nose bleed ## Footnote 214

# Barotrauma What type of trauma does the following describe; "Sudden and intense pain around the nose, in the forehead, or between the eyes"

SINUS BAROTRAUMA ## Footnote 214

# Barotrauma In a descent, if you experience sinus barotrauma, what actions must you take as the pilot

1. STOP DESCENT 2. CLIMB BACK TO ORIGINAL ALTITUDE 3. PERFORM A VERY SLOW DESCENT ## Footnote 214

# Barotrauma In a climb, if you experience sinus barotrauma, what actions must you take as the pilot

1. STOP CLIMB 2. DESCEND AND LAND ## Footnote 214

# Humidity and Temperature Cabin humidity in a pressurised jet aircraft is typically no more than ____% but can be as low as ____%

1. 10% 2. 5% ## Footnote 216

# Humidity and Temperature Low humidity levels causes the mucus membrane of which 3 organs to dry out

1. EYES 2. NOSE 3. MOUTH ## Footnote 216

# Humidity and Temperature What is the bodies natural response to lowering water levels caused by low humidity

THIRST ## Footnote 216

# Humidity and Temperature What intake should you avoid when suffering thirst from low humidity and why

1. CAFFINE 2. EXCESSIVE URINATION ## Footnote 216

# Humidity and Temperature Heat stress causes *PHYSICAL or PYSCHOLOGICAL* discomfort, and results in what

1. PHYSICAL 2. REDUCED MENTAL PERFORMANCE ## Footnote 217

# Humidity and Temperature What can high humidity prevent the body from doing

REGULATING HEAT via SWEAT EVAPORATION ## Footnote 217

# Hazardous and Toxic Materials A list of 10 possible sources of hazardous substances includes; 1. ____ : caustic and can cause irritation 2. ____ : contain toxic additivies like phosphates and lead 3. ____ : contains ethylene glycol 4. ____ : contain halon 5. ____ : contain hydrochloric acid 6. ____ : contain carbon monoxide 7. ____ : contain toluene, trichloroethylene or methyl-ethyl-ketone 8. ____ : release as example cyanide when burnt 9. ____ : contain boron, kevlar and fibreglass 10. ____ : toxic fumes when burnt

1. HYDRAULIC OIL 2. FUELS 3. ANTI ICING FLUID 4. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 5. BATTERIES 6. EXHAUST GASES 7. SOLVENTS AND DE-GREASERS 8. CABIN PLASTICS 9. COMPOSITE MATERIALS 10. ELECTRICAL INSULATION ## Footnote 220

# Incapacitation in flight What is the most common cause of incapacitation in flight

GASTOENTERITIS ## Footnote 222

# Incapacitation in flight Fainting can be caused by a number of factors. 3 specifically are 1. ____ : Diabetes or insufficient food intake 2. ____ : low blood pressure not coping with sudden activity 3. ____ : leads to hyperventilation

1. LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL 2. STANDING UP TO QUICKLY 3. SUDDEN SHOCK OR INTENSE STRESS ## Footnote 223

# Incapacitation in flight What is the most important issue when dealing with an incapacited pilot

ENSURING THEY DO NOT COLLAPSE ON FLIGHT CONTROLS ## Footnote 223

# High altitude hazards Highest concentrations of ozone are found at what altitude

40,000 ft ## Footnote 224

# High altitude hazards What organ is ozone particularlly destructive of

THE LUNGS ## Footnote 224

# High altitude hazards In-flight radiation varies with latitude as a result of what

EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD ## Footnote 225

# High altitude hazards Radition shielding by the earths magnetic field is *greatest* at the *EQUATOR or POLES*.

EQUATOR decreases with increased latitude least protection at the poles ## Footnote 225

# High altitude hazards Radiation shielding by the earthes magnetic field is *least* at the *EQUATOR or POLES*

POLES decreases with increased latitude Most protection at the equator ## Footnote 225

# High altitude hazards Radition doses for pilots flying mostly in the equator will be how many times less than pilots typically flying at higher latitudes

2-3 times ## Footnote 225

# Summary What are 7 effects of positive G

1. HEAVINESS - sensation of 2. FACE - skin pulled down 3. VISION - progressive loss 4. FATIGUE and DROWSINESS 5. DIFFICULTY BREATHING 6. BLACK OUT - all vision lost 7. LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS ## Footnote summary

# summary What are 3 high altitude threats

1. OZONE 2. RADIATION 3. UV LIGHT

# summary Exposure to cosmic radiation can damage ____. Exposure to high intensity UK can cause ____.

1. DNA 2. CATARACTS ## Footnote summary