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ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance > 08. Threats to Aviation > Flashcards

08. Threats to Aviation Flashcards

1
Q

Decompression Sickness

Air is a compromised mixture of 3 gases in what percentage (%)
1. Gas (i) ____ | ____%
2. Gas (ii) ____ | ____ %
3. Gas (iii) ____ | ____%

A
  1. Nitrogen | 78%
  2. Oxygen | 21%
  3. Other | 1%

195

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2
Q

Decompression Sickness

During respiration, gas and nitrogen difuse into the blood stream. Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin. What 2 things is nitrogen absorbed into

A
  1. TISSUES
  2. BLOOD PLASMA

195

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3
Q

Decompression Sickness

What is the cause of nitrogen to start forming tiny bubbles

A

REDUCTION IN AMBIENT PRESSURE

195

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4
Q

Decompression Sickness

A reduction in ambient pressure causes what to form in the blood plasma

A

TINY NITROGEN BUBBLES

195

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5
Q

Decompression Sickness

Tiny nitrogen bubbles merge together to create larger bubbles known as what

A

AIR EMBOLISMS

195

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6
Q

Decompression Sickness

What is the result of air embolisms becoming trapped in natural pinch points throughout the body, such as elbows and knees

A

BLOCK THE PASSAGE OF BLOOD

195

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7
Q

Decompression Sickness

For pilots, decompression sickness (DCS) is likely to occur under which 2 circumstances

A
  1. UNPRESSURISED AIRCRAFT
  2. HIGH ALTITUDE

196

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8
Q

Decompression Sickness

Decompression sickness (DCS) is unlikely to occur at altitudes of less than ____ ft

A

14,000 ft

196

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9
Q

Decompression Sickness

Prolonged flight in an unpressurised aircraft above ____ ft can cause DCS

A

18,000 ft

196

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10
Q

Decompression Sickness

Above ____ ft the risk of DCS is significantly increased

A

25,000 ft

196

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11
Q

Decompression Sickness

What are the 4 characteristic symptoms of DCS

decompression sickness

A
  1. THE BENDS
  2. THE CREEPS
  3. THE CHOKCES
  4. THE STAGGERS

197

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12
Q

Decompression Sickness

What are the characteristics of THE BENDS

A

Embolisms in THE JOINTS
intense arthritis type pain

197

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13
Q

Decompression Sickness

What are the characteristics of THE CREEPS

A

Embolisms in THE CAPILLARIES
Feeling of ants crawling under your skin

197

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14
Q

Decompression Sickness

What are the charactersitics of THE CHOKES

A

Embolism in THE LUNGS
Chest pain and coughing slowly increasing in severity, with deep breahting
Usually associated with divers in rapid ascents

197

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15
Q

Decompression Sickness

What are the characteristics of THE STAGGERS

A

Embolisms in capillaries IN THE BRAIN
Disturbances in walking, neurological side effects

197

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16
Q

Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolisms in capillaries IN THE BRAIN
Disturbances in walking, neurological side effects”

A

THE STAGGERS

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17
Q

Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolisms in THE CAPILLARIES
Feeling of ants crawling under your skin”

A

THE CREEPS

197

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18
Q

Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolisms in THE JOINTS
intense arthritis type pain”

A

THE BENDS

197

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19
Q

Decompression Sickness

Which symptom of DCS does the following describe;

“Embolism in THE LUNGS
Chest pain and coughing slowly increasing in severity, with deep breahting
Usually associated with divers in rapid ascents”

A

THE CHOKES

197

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20
Q

Decompression Sickness

For all cases of DCS, what is the right course of treatment

A

INCREASE AMBIENT PRESSURE

causes nitrogen to dissolve back into solution

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21
Q

Decompression Sickness

If a passenger or crew member is showing symptoms of DCS, what action must the pilot take

A

DESCEND IMMEDIATELY

Descend until the symptoms are no longer evident

197

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22
Q

Decompression Sickness

What is the inherient risk regarding nitrogen saturation (regrading body tissues) when performing ameature scuba diving

A

INCREASED SATURATION into BODY TISSUES

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23
Q

Decompression Sickness

A pilot must not fly after scuba diving for how long in the following conditions;

  1. Shallow diving using compressed air : ____ hrs
  2. Depth greater than 30 ft : ____ hrs
A
  1. 12 hours
  2. 24 hours

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24
Q

Manoeuvre - High G

What does G-LOC stand for

A

G-INDUCED LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

pg 199

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25
Q

Manoeuvre - High G

To what structural G limit are airliners built to (i)
What G limit would they typically operate at (ii)

A
  1. 2.5g
  2. 1.1 - 1.2g

200

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26
Q

Manoeuvre - High G

In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to angular accelerations

A

PITCHING UP and DOWN
(Z axis)

201

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27
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

In an aircraft, when is the human body subjected to linear accelerations

A

INCREASE or DECREASE IN AIRSPEED

201

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28
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

1g is equal to the earth’s gravitational force. This is the equivilant to an acceleration of what

A

9.82m sec^2

201

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29
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

The heart must pump ____ to counteract the force of gravity to push blood ____

A
  1. AT SUFFICIENT PRESSURE
  2. UP TO THE BRAIN

201

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30
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

The wide variation in arterial blood pressure is known as what

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

202

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31
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

Pressure is HIGHEST or LOWEST in the head.
Pressure is HIGEST or LOWEST in the feet
at high positive G

A
  1. LOWEST
  2. HIGHEST

202

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32
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

What G does a high performance aerobatic aircraft typically operate at

33
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

When operating an aerobatic aircraft at high G, what is an inherent problem with the heart

A

OUTPUT PRESSURE REMAINS UNCHANGED

Output pressure of the heart remains unchanged. As G foce increases, pressure of the arterial blood reaching areas of the body above the heart falls, whilst pressure in the lower limbs rises.

202

34
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

As g forces increase, the pressure of arterial blood reaching the areas of the body above the heart RISE or FALL, whilst pressure in the lower limbs RISE or FALL

A
  1. FALL
  2. RISE

202

35
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

Someone who is fit and wearing protective g suit clothing can sustain consciousness and vision up to ____g
An unprepared person or someone unwell will become unconscious at ____g

A
  1. 8-9g
  2. 4g

203

36
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

7 major factors which affect the tolerance to G are what;
1. ____ : height difference
2. ____ : tensing abdominal muscles as example
3. ____ : frequent practice
4. ____ : Anti-g trousers as example
5. ____ : unfit or unwell
6. ____ : time to react
7. ____ : prolonged exposure

A
  1. POSTURE
  2. ACTIVE MEASURES
  3. EXPERIENCE
  4. EQIPMENT
  5. HEALTH
  6. SPEED OF ONSET
  7. DURATION

203

37
Q

Manoeuvre - High G

Positive G is caused by PITCH UP or PITCH DOWN
Negative G is caused by PITCH UP or PITCH DOWN

A
  1. PITCH UP
  2. PITCH DOWN

204

38
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

Negative G is caused by what 2 conditions

A
  1. PITCH DOWN
  2. INVERTED FLIGHT

204

39
Q

Manoeurvre - High G

Under negative G, where does the blood pool
FEET or HEAD

40
Q

Carbon Monoxide

How many more times is carbon monoxide easily bound to haemoglobin than O2

A

200 time

205

41
Q

Carbon Monoxide

What symptom will a person exhibit who is suffering from hypoxia due to carbon monoxied posioning

A

RED FLUSHED FACE

206

42
Q

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide gas has what 2 qualities that make it very hard to detect

A
  1. COLOURLESS
  2. ODOURLESS

209

43
Q

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a higher risk of entering a SEP or JET type aircraft and why

A

SEP
Engine exhaust system very close to the cabin

209

44
Q

Carbon Monoxide

At what rate can the body remove carbon monoxide (CO)

A % how many hours

A

0.5% every 4 hours

210

45
Q

Carbon Monoxide

What are 6 possible symptoms of Carbon monoxide (CO) posioning

A
  1. HEADACHE
  2. DIZZINESS
  3. FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS
  4. NAUSEA
  5. ABDOMINAL PAIN
  6. SORE THROAT / DRY COUGH

210

46
Q

Carbon Monoxide

What is the only effective method of detecting carbon monoxide

A

CO DETECTOR

211

47
Q

Carbon Monoxide

What are the 3 actions a pilot should take if you suspect carbon monoxide is in the cabin when airborne

answer does not include don oxygen masks, which might be an acceptable option for a commercial pilot

A
  1. SHUT OF CABIN HEATING
  2. OPEN COLD VENTING / WINDOWS
  3. LAND ASAP

211

48
Q

Barotrauma

Barotrauma describes an injury caused by what

A

PRESSURE

212

49
Q

Barotrauma

What does Boyles Law state

A

In an enclosed space, the sum of PRESSURE and VOLUME remain CONSTANT

212

50
Q

Barotrauma

What type of trauma does the following describe;

“Trapped gases in the stomach and intenstine causing abdominal pain”

A

GASTRO-INTESTINAL BAROTRAUMA

212

51
Q

Barotrauma

What type of trauma does the following describe;

“Pockets of gas trapped in a cavity under a filling or caused by a dental abscess”

A

AERODONTALGIA

212

52
Q

Barotrauma

What type of trauma does the following describe;

“Blocked eustachian tube causing intense ear pain or ruptured eardrum”

A

OTIC BAROTRAUMA

213

53
Q

Barotrauma

What are the typical symptoms experienced with GASTRO-INTENSTINAL BAROTRAUMA

A

ABDOMINAL PAIN
caused by trapped gas

212

54
Q

Barotrauma

What are the typical symptoms experienced with OTIC BAROTRAUMA

A

EAR PAIN
blocked eustacian tube, ruptured ear drum

212

55
Q

Barotrauma

What are the typical symptoms experienced with AERODONTALGIA

A

TOOTH ACHE
gas trapped in dental cavities

212

56
Q

Barotrauma

OTIC BAROTRAUMA is most common in what stage of flight

A

DESCENT

213

57
Q

Barotrauma

What are the typical sumptoms experience with SINUS BAROTRAUMA

A

NOSE & FOREHEAD PAIN
between the eyes, sometimes with a nose bleed

214

58
Q

Barotrauma

What type of trauma does the following describe;

“Sudden and intense pain around the nose, in the forehead, or between the eyes”

A

SINUS BAROTRAUMA

214

59
Q

Barotrauma

In a descent, if you experience sinus barotrauma, what actions must you take as the pilot

A
  1. STOP DESCENT
  2. CLIMB BACK TO ORIGINAL ALTITUDE
  3. PERFORM A VERY SLOW DESCENT

214

60
Q

Barotrauma

In a climb, if you experience sinus barotrauma, what actions must you take as the pilot

A
  1. STOP CLIMB
  2. DESCEND AND LAND

214

61
Q

Humidity and Temperature

Cabin humidity in a pressurised jet aircraft is typically no more than ____% but can be as low as ____%

A
  1. 10%
  2. 5%

216

62
Q

Humidity and Temperature

Low humidity levels causes the mucus membrane of which 3 organs to dry out

A
  1. EYES
  2. NOSE
  3. MOUTH

216

63
Q

Humidity and Temperature

What is the bodies natural response to lowering water levels caused by low humidity

A

THIRST

216

64
Q

Humidity and Temperature

What intake should you avoid when suffering thirst from low humidity and why

A
  1. CAFFINE
  2. EXCESSIVE URINATION

216

65
Q

Humidity and Temperature

Heat stress causes PHYSICAL or PYSCHOLOGICAL discomfort, and results in what

A
  1. PHYSICAL
  2. REDUCED MENTAL PERFORMANCE

217

66
Q

Humidity and Temperature

What can high humidity prevent the body from doing

A

REGULATING HEAT via SWEAT EVAPORATION

217

67
Q

Hazardous and Toxic Materials

A list of 10 possible sources of hazardous substances includes;
1. ____ : caustic and can cause irritation
2. ____ : contain toxic additivies like phosphates and lead
3. ____ : contains ethylene glycol
4. ____ : contain halon
5. ____ : contain hydrochloric acid
6. ____ : contain carbon monoxide
7. ____ : contain toluene, trichloroethylene or methyl-ethyl-ketone
8. ____ : release as example cyanide when burnt
9. ____ : contain boron, kevlar and fibreglass
10. ____ : toxic fumes when burnt

A
  1. HYDRAULIC OIL
  2. FUELS
  3. ANTI ICING FLUID
  4. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
  5. BATTERIES
  6. EXHAUST GASES
  7. SOLVENTS AND DE-GREASERS
  8. CABIN PLASTICS
  9. COMPOSITE MATERIALS
  10. ELECTRICAL INSULATION

220

68
Q

Incapacitation in flight

What is the most common cause of incapacitation in flight

A

GASTOENTERITIS

222

69
Q

Incapacitation in flight

Fainting can be caused by a number of factors. 3 specifically are
1. ____ : Diabetes or insufficient food intake
2. ____ : low blood pressure not coping with sudden activity
3. ____ : leads to hyperventilation

A
  1. LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
  2. STANDING UP TO QUICKLY
  3. SUDDEN SHOCK OR INTENSE STRESS

223

70
Q

Incapacitation in flight

What is the most important issue when dealing with an incapacited pilot

A

ENSURING THEY DO NOT COLLAPSE ON FLIGHT CONTROLS

223

71
Q

High altitude hazards

Highest concentrations of ozone are found at what altitude

A

40,000 ft

224

72
Q

High altitude hazards

What organ is ozone particularlly destructive of

A

THE LUNGS

224

73
Q

High altitude hazards

In-flight radiation varies with latitude as a result of what

A

EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD

225

74
Q

High altitude hazards

Radition shielding by the earths magnetic field is greatest at the EQUATOR or POLES.

A

EQUATOR
decreases with increased latitude
least protection at the poles

225

75
Q

High altitude hazards

Radiation shielding by the earthes magnetic field is least at the EQUATOR or POLES

A

POLES
decreases with increased latitude
Most protection at the equator

225

76
Q

High altitude hazards

Radition doses for pilots flying mostly in the equator will be how many times less than pilots typically flying at higher latitudes

A

2-3 times

225

77
Q

Summary

What are 7 effects of positive G

A
  1. HEAVINESS - sensation of
  2. FACE - skin pulled down
  3. VISION - progressive loss
  4. FATIGUE and DROWSINESS
  5. DIFFICULTY BREATHING
  6. BLACK OUT - all vision lost
  7. LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

summary

78
Q

summary

What are 3 high altitude threats

A
  1. OZONE
  2. RADIATION
  3. UV LIGHT
79
Q

summary

Exposure to cosmic radiation can damage ____.
Exposure to high intensity UK can cause ____.

A
  1. DNA
  2. CATARACTS

summary

ATPL - [Mod 1] Human Performance (21 decks)

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