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Anatomy > 15. Vertebral Column and Muscles of the Back > Flashcards

15. Vertebral Column and Muscles of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

Name some functions of the vertebral column (5)

A
  1. Muscle attachment
  2. Mobility
    3, Protection
  3. Weight transfer
  4. Haematopoiesis
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2
Q

What are the primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary - flexed foetal position

Secondary - extension

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3
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column? How many vertebrae are in each region?

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4
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4
Q

What are the 4 principal curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacral kyphosis

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5
Q

Which 2 bony features create the vertebral arch?

A

Pedicle and lamina

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6
Q

What are the 7 bony processes on a vertebra?

A

1x spinous process
2x transverse process
4x articular process

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7
Q

Describe some features unique to C1 (atlas)

A

No body
No spinous processes
Anterior and posterior arches, each with a tubercle

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8
Q

What articulates with the superior articular surfaces of the C1 vertebra?

A

Occipital condyles

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9
Q

Describe some features unique to C2 (axis)

A

Dens/ odontoid process (essentially the ‘missing’ body of C1)

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10
Q

Where on a cervical vertebra (C3-C7) is the uncinate process found?

A

Body of vertebra

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11
Q

What structures pass through the foramen transversarium of C3-C7 vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery

Vertebral vein

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12
Q

Describe the spinous process of a C3-C7 vertebra

A

Bifid spine

Splits in 2

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13
Q

What structure articulates with the costal facets of the thoracic vertebra?

A

Ribs

Transverse costal facet - tubercle of rib
Inferior and superior costal facets - head of rib

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14
Q

Describe the spinous process of a T1-T12 vertebra

A

Long and sloping

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15
Q

Describe some features unique to the lumbar vertebrae

A

Huge body
Accessory process on the transverse processes
Mammillary processes on each superior articular process

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16
Q

What are the 3 crests found on the sacrum?

A

Median (=spinous processes)
Intermediate (=articular processes)
Lateral (=transverse processes)

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17
Q

What are the coccygeal cornu?

A

Bony projections that articulate with the sacrum

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18
Q

What type of joint is the IV disc?

A

Secondary cartilagenous

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19
Q

Where is the zygapophysial joint?

A

Between inferior and superior articular processes

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20
Q

What type of joint is the zygapophysial joint?

A

Plane synovial

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21
Q

What are the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back? (5)

A

Trapezius
Lat dorsi
Rhomboid major and minor
Levator scapulae

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22
Q

Origin of trapezius?

A

Medial 1/3rd superior nuchal line
Nuchal ligament
Spinous processes C7-T12

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23
Q

Insertion of trapezius?

A

Lateral clavicle
Acromion
Spine of scapula

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24
Q

Innervation of trapezius?

A

Motor - spinal accessory CNXI

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25
Q

Origin of lat dorsi?

A

Spinous processes T7-12,
Thoracolumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Lower 3/4 ribs

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26
Q

Insertion of lat dorsi?

A

Edge of bicipital groove of humerus

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27
Q

Innervation of lat dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve C6-C8

28
Q

Origin of rhomboid major?

A

Spinous processes T2-5

29
Q

Insertion of rhomboid major?

A

Medial border of scapula from the spine to inferior angle

30
Q

Origin of rhomboid minor?

A

Nuchal ligament

Spinous processes C7, T1

31
Q

Insertion of rhomboid minor?

A

Medial end of scapular spine

32
Q

Innervation of rhomboid minor?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve C4, C5

33
Q

Origin of levator scapulae?

A

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4

34
Q

Insertion of levator scapulae?

A

Medial border of scapula above spine

35
Q

Innervation of levator scapulae?

A

C3, C4

Dorsal scapular nerve C4, C5

36
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back? (2)

A

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

37
Q

Origin of serratus posterior superior?

A

Nuchal ligament

Spinous processes C7-T3

38
Q

Insertion of serratus posterior superior?

A

Superior borders of ribs 2-4

39
Q

Innervation of serratus posterior superior?

A

Intercostal nerves 2-5

40
Q

Origin of serratus posterior inferior?

A

Spinous processes T11-L2

41
Q

Insertion of serratus posterior inferior?

A

Inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near angle

42
Q

Innervation of serratus posterior inferior?

A

Anterior rami T9-T12

43
Q

What are the overall functions of the extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Superficial - connect to appendicular skeleton

Intermediate - superficial respiratory muscles

44
Q

What are the overall functions of the intrinsic muscles of the back? (i.e. the muscles of the back ‘proper’)

A

Maintain posture

Control movements of vertebral column

45
Q

What are the 3 layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Superficial - splenius muscles
Intermediate - erector spinae group
Deep - lots of small muscles

46
Q

What are the 2 superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius capitis

Splenius cervicis

47
Q

Origin of splenius capitis?

A

Nuchal ligament

Spinous processes C7-T3/4

48
Q

Insertion of splenius capitis?

A

Mastoid process

Lateral 1/3rd superior nuchal line

49
Q

Origin of splenius cervicis?

A

Nuchal ligament

Spinous processes C7-T3/4

50
Q

Insertion of splenius cervicis?

A

Tubercles of transverse processes C1-C3/4

51
Q

What are the 3 erector spinae muscles?

A

Medial - spinalis
Longissimus
Lateral - iliocostalis

52
Q

What are the common proximal origins of the erector spinae group?

A

Posterior iliac crest
Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments
Superior processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament

53
Q

What are the 3 parts of the iliocostalis muscle?

A

Lumborum
Thoracis
Cervicis

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of longissimus?

A

Thoracis
Cervicis
Capitis

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of spinalis?

A

Thoracis
Cervicis
Capitis

56
Q

What are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back? (6)

A 
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
Levator costarum 
Interspinale
Intertransversari
57
Q

What are the 3 parts of semispinalis?

A

Thoracis
Cervicis
Capitis

58
Q

Origin of semispinalis?

A

Transverse processes C4-T12

59
Q

Insertion of semispinalis?

A

Occipital bone

Thoracic and cervical spinous processes

60
Q

In which vertebral region is multifidus thickest?

A

Lumbar region

61
Q

Describe the orientation and insertion of the multifidis muscle fibres?

A

Superomedial

To spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above

62
Q

In which vertebral region is rotatores thickest?

A

Thoracic region

63
Q

Describe the orientation and insertion of the rotatores muscle

A

Superomedial

To junction of lamina and transverse process 1 or 2 vertebrae above

64
Q

In which vertebral region is levator costarum found?

A

Thoracic region

65
Q

In which vertebral region is interspinale most developed?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

66
Q

In which vertebral region is intertransversarii most developed?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

67
Q

Innervation of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Anatomy (49 decks)

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