Zoonoses Flashcards
Poxviruses
-Enveloped, DNA
-Proliferative, cutaneous/SC self-limiting lesions
-Fomites a concern
-Monkeypox, Yaba-like disease virus, Yaba virus and Orf (contagious ecthyma)
-Monkeypox: Orthopoxvirus; TM aerosol, direct contact, arthropods; reason importation of African rodents banned; select agent
-Yaba-like dz virus: Yatapoxvirus; direct transmission (skin abrasions); epidermal lesions w/ ICIBs
-Yaba virus: Yatapoxvirus; NWM resistant; TM via arthropods, tattoo needles, trauma; SC masses that regress and confer immunity
-Orf: Parapoxvirus; sheep, goats; TM via direct contact, fomites; in humans see solitary lesion pustular –> weeping, proliferative nodule with central umbilication
Flaviviruses
-Hemorrhagic fevers
-Enveloped, RNA
-Yellow fever: BSL3; TM via Aedes mosquitos; mild dz in OWM but fever, headache, arthralgia, GI, coagulopathy in NWM and humans; midzonal necrotizing hepatitis w/ councilman bodies (eosinophilic ICIBs)
-Dengue: BSL2; TM via mosquito; same CS in humans as yellow fever
Filoviruses
-Enveloped, RNA
-TM via direct contact, poss resp
-Marburg virus: BSL4 + tier I select agent; fruit bat poss reservoir; CS in humans fever, chills, headache, GI pain/bleedig, coagulopathy, multiorgan failure and shock; 100% fatal in African greens, rhesus, GP and hamsters
-Ebola: BSL4; hemorrhagic dz; ICIBs w/ hepatocellular and adrenal necrosis
Hantaviruses
-Bunyaviridae (enveloped, RNA)
-BSL4 in permissive hosts and BSL2 in experimentally infected only
-Target = Endothelial cells
-Old world viruses (Hantann, Seoul, Puumala, Dobrava) –> Hemorrhagic fever w/ renal syndrome
-New world viruses (Sin nombre) –> Pulmonary syndrome
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
-Arenavirus (Enveloped, RNA)
-ABSL2 in mice, ABSL3 in hamster
-Animal model for Lassa disease
-TM feeding pinkies to marms, contaminated tumors/cell lines
-Subclinical in mice and hamsters
-CS in humans = Flu-like, CNS dz, bleeding, pneumonia, death
Macacine herpesvirus 1
-Enveloped DNA
-ABSL4
-Persists in trigeminal and lumbosacral ganglion
-CS in humans = Conjunctivitis, fever, headache, fatigue, neuro dz (ascending flaccid paralysis –> resp failure), death
Rabies
-Rhabdoviridae family, Lyssavirus genus (enveloped, RNA)
-ABSL2
-Furious or dumb form
-Human incubation 1-3 months
Viral hepatitis infections
-Hepatitis A: Picornaviridae (non-enveloped, RNA); fecal/oral TM; several NHPs susceptible; CS in humans = Mild to severe fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort that eventually resolves; no chronic carriers
-Hepatitis E: Hepeviridae (non-enveloped, RNA); swine naturally infected and shed a lot; usually asymptomatic in humans but may see jaundice, anorexia, hepatomegaly; 25% fatality in pregnant women
Retroviruses
-ABSL 2
-Enveloped, RNA w/ high mutation rate
-Zoonotic potential w/ NHP, porcine xenografts
-SIV: Lentivirus; CS in Asian spp (AIDS-like)
-SRV: Betaretrovirus; oncogenic; NWM resistent; OWM chronic wasting and immnodificiency, necrotizing gingivitis (NOMA), reptroperitoneal fibromatosis; no signs in humans
-Simian T-cell leukemia virus: Deltaretrovirus; oncogenic; not in NWM; TM via sexual contact, fight wounds
-Simian foamy virus: Spumavirus; no ill effects seen in human infection bt should not donate blood
Measles virus
-Genus morbillivirus, family paramyxoviridae (Enveloped, RNA)
-Humans = Reservoir
-TM via aerosol, secretions, contact, fomites w/ shedding before CS
-CS OWM = Mild URI, conjunctivitis, maculopaplar rash on ventral surface, poss pneumonia, Koplik’s spots, abortions
-NWM CS more severe (hemorrhagic gastroenteritis common)
Newcastle Disease Virus
-Paramyxovirus (enveloped, RNA)
-All birds
-TM via resp secretions, fecal/oral, aerosol, fomites
-CS in humans = Conjunctivitis, orbital pain; mild and self limiting
-Clinical severity in birds highly variable
-Virulent strains = Select agents
Influenza
-Orthomyxovirus (enveloped, RNA)
-Type A = Human + avian and mammals
-Types B, C = Humans only
-Ferrets highly susceptible to human flu
-Some strains = Select agents (replication competent 1918 strain, HPAI)
Rickettsia typhi
-Murine typhus
-Primarily dz of rats TM via Oriental rat flea (X. cheopis)
-CS = Malaise, headache, rash, chills, encephalitic syndrome (delirium, stupor, coma)
Rickettsia akari
-RIchettsial pox
-M. musculus, R. rattus and R. norvegicus = natural hosts
-MT via mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus)
-CS = Maculopapular rash –> vesicular (spares palms/soles) –> eschar, headache
Coxiella burnetii
-Q fever
-ABSL3
-Sheep
-TM via urine, feces, milk, placental tissues –> Aerosols
-Highly infectious
-CS = Acute flu-like signs +/- hepatitis, nephritis, epicarditis, endocarditis; chronic, relapsing infxn in people with valvular heart dz
Chlamydial infections
-ABSL 3
-Psitticines w/ C. psittaci = Most common source of virulent human infxn
-TM via exudates, secretions or dessicated fecal material –> Aerosol or direct contact
-Latent infections w/ reactivation due to stress
-CS in humans = URT/LRT signs, conjunctivitis, thrombophlebitis, myocarditis, hepatitis, encephalitis
Trauma-associated bacterial diseases
-Atypical mycobateriosis: M. cheloneae, fortuitum, abscessus; M. marinum most common; skin injury; pathogen of zebrafish (fish tank granuloma)
-Rat bite fever: Streptobacills moniliformis or Spirillm minus; CS in humans = fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, headache, myalgia, chills, macular rash on extremities
-Cat scratch dz: Bartonella henselae; erythematous pustule, fever, lymphadenitis, malaise
-Pasteurella spp: Commonly in animal mouths/URI; aggressive skin/soft tissue swelling, osteomyelitis, septicemia
Brucellosis
-ABSL3
-B. canis most common
-Humans relatively resistant but CS = lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, myalgia, nausea, chills, weight loss
Yersinia pestis
-Oriental rat flea (X. cheopis) = vector
-TM via flea bite, skin abrasions, aerosols
-CS = Fever, buboes –> Pneumonic or systemic plague
-Bipolar staining, ovoid gram negative rod
Leptospirosis
-Cattle = Hardjo
-Swine = Pomona, Bratislava
-Dogs = Icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola
-Rodents = Ballum
-TM via urine, bites, contaminated water
-CS = Malaise/myalgia –> rash or Weil’s syndrome (hepatic/renal dysfunction, hemorrhage, circulatory collapse)
-Abx controversial b/c self-limiting
Enteric bacterial dz
-Campylobacteriosis: Abortion in livestock and shed in poo by subclinical carriers; CS = diarrhea +/- systemic signs; usually self-limiting, but Guillian-Barre syndrome possible
-Enteric helicobacter: H. canis, cinaedi, pullorum; CS = fever, thrombocytopenia, cellulitis, arthritis
-Gastric helicobacter: H. suis, felis, pylori, bizzozeronii; gastritis in humans
-Salmonella: Asymptomatic carriers; CS = gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, fever
-Shigella: NHP; blood/mucus in feces, abdominal pain, tenesmus, weight loss, anorexia
Respiratory bacterial dz
-Bordetella bronchiseptica: Dogs, cats, rabbits; immunocompromised people (whooping cough-like syndrome)
-Tuberculosis: ABSL2 in guinea pigs, ABSL3 in NHP; TM aerosol; pulmonary signs
Enteric protozoal dz
-Entamoeba histolytica: NHPs; fecal/oral contamination; usually subclinical in humans but can see colitis
-Balantidium coli: Swine, NHPs; fecal/oral; often asymptomatic in humans, but can cause ulcerative colitis
-Cryptosporidiosis: SI enteritis; oocysts infective at time of excretion; see at brush border; CS in humans = vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, fever, headache
-Giardia duodenalis/lambia: Diarrhea or no CS in humans
Systemic protozoal dz
-Toxoplasma gondii: CS in humans = Maculopapular eruption, cervical lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, chorioretinitis; clean litter boxes daily
