Amphibians Flashcards
To what orders/clades do caecilians, salamanders and frogs belong (different for all)
Caecilians = Gymnophiona
Salamanders = Caudata
Frogs = Anura
Species, family and order/clade of axolotls
Ambystoma mexicanum
Family = Ambystomatidae
Order/clade = Caudata
What family are the true toads?
Bufonidae
What is a bidder’s organ?
Ovarian tissue located on the cranial pole of the testis of bufonidae males
What family are the poison dart frogs?
Dendrobatidae
What family are the tree frogs?
Hylidae
What family are the true frogs?
Ranidae
Scientific name and family of the northern leopard frog
Lithobates pipiens
Family = Ranidae
Xenopus family
Pipidae
Minimum diameter of gravel in axolotl tanks
3 cm (To prevent ingestion/GI blockage)
Relative humidity for amphibians
70-80%
Methods of water dechlorination
Age water for 24-48 hours, aerate water, add sodium thiosulfate or use activated carbon filters
What methods of dechlorination do not work for chloramines?
Aging or aeration
Bacteria in carbon filters that remove ammonia?
Nitrosomas convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NH4) and nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate (NO3)
pH for amphibians
6.8-7.1
Temperature for Xenopus
70-72F
Chytrid susceptibility to disinfectants/sanitizing methods
Heat, desiccation, Virkon 1%, 2% bleach, 70% ethanol
Zoonoses of concern
Mycobacterium marinum, Salmonella, Chlamydia psittaci
Number of chambers in the heart of larvae and adults
2 in larvae and 3 in adults
What substances are required for metamorphosis in Xenopus?
Thyroid hormone and iodine
What can be injected to induce ovulation/breeding in Xenopus?
HCG
Least reactive suture type for amphibians
Nylon
Mycobacterium
-Saphrophyte
-TM = Direct contact, contaminated water, fomites
-CS = Granulomas, skin ulcerations, wasting despite good appetite
-ZOONOTIC
Chryseobacterium
-Formerly Flavobacterium
-TM = Enters through wounds/abrasions
-CS = Septicemia, uveitis, corneal edema
-Path = Congestion, hemorrhage, panophthalmitis, meningitis, otitis
-ZOONOTIC
Chlamydia
-TM = Fecal/oral
-CS = Lethargy, bloat, SC edema, patchy depigmentation of skin
-Path = Petechiation, ulceration, gelatinous coelomic effusion, edema, epicarditis, myocarditis, ICIB in hepatocytes and splenocytes
-DX = PCR, chlamydial inclusions
-ZOONOTIC
Lucke herpesvirus (Ranid herpesvirus 1)
-Family alloherpesviridae, enveloped, DNA
-Northern leopard frogs
-TM = Replicates in winter –> Shed at spawning –> Warmer temps halt replication and rapid tumor growth starts
-CS = Renal adenocarcinomas, metastasize
-Path = INIB in renal cells
-No tx
Ranavirus
-Family iridoviridae, enveloped DNA
-TM - Infected food, feces, water
-CS = Lesions on skin with progression to viscera or sudden death
-Path = Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage, ulceration, organ discoloration
-DX = PCR
-No tx
Batrachochytrium dendrobates
-Chytrid
-TM = Flagellated, infective zoospores; moist environments direct contact
-Confined to keratinized layers of skin
-CS = Acute death, anorexia, malaise, ventral edema, petechiation; death due to disruption of cutaneous homeostasis
-DX = PCR of skin (congo red, diff quick, PAS)
Metabolic bone disease
-Fed diets low in Ca or poor Ca:P
-CS = Fractures, scoliosis, rubber jaw
-DX = CS and radiographs
-TX = Ca supplementation and feed appropriate diet
