Amphibians

Question 1

To what orders/clades do caecilians, salamanders and frogs belong (different for all)

Answer 1

Caecilians = Gymnophiona
Salamanders = Caudata
Frogs = Anura

Question 2

Species, family and order/clade of axolotls

Answer 2

Ambystoma mexicanum
Family = Ambystomatidae
Order/clade = Caudata

Question 3

What family are the true toads?

Answer 3

Bufonidae

Question 4

What is a bidder’s organ?

Answer 4

Ovarian tissue located on the cranial pole of the testis of bufonidae males

Question 5

What family are the poison dart frogs?

Answer 5

Dendrobatidae

Question 6

What family are the tree frogs?

Answer 6

Hylidae

Question 7

What family are the true frogs?

Answer 7

Ranidae

Question 8

Scientific name and family of the northern leopard frog

Answer 8

Lithobates pipiens
Family = Ranidae

Question 9

Xenopus family

Answer 9

Pipidae

Question 10

Minimum diameter of gravel in axolotl tanks

Answer 10

3 cm (To prevent ingestion/GI blockage)

Question 11

Relative humidity for amphibians

Answer 11

70-80%

Question 12

Methods of water dechlorination

Answer 12

Age water for 24-48 hours, aerate water, add sodium thiosulfate or use activated carbon filters

Question 13

What methods of dechlorination do not work for chloramines?

Answer 13

Aging or aeration

Question 14

Bacteria in carbon filters that remove ammonia?

Answer 14

Nitrosomas convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NH4) and nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate (NO3)

Question 15

pH for amphibians

Answer 15

6.8-7.1

Question 16

Temperature for Xenopus

Answer 16

70-72F

Question 17

Chytrid susceptibility to disinfectants/sanitizing methods

Answer 17

Heat, desiccation, Virkon 1%, 2% bleach, 70% ethanol

Question 18

Zoonoses of concern

Answer 18

Mycobacterium marinum, Salmonella, Chlamydia psittaci

Question 19

Number of chambers in the heart of larvae and adults

Answer 19

2 in larvae and 3 in adults

Question 20

What substances are required for metamorphosis in Xenopus?

Answer 20

Thyroid hormone and iodine

Question 21

What can be injected to induce ovulation/breeding in Xenopus?

Answer 21

HCG

Question 22

Least reactive suture type for amphibians

Answer 22

Nylon

Question 23

Mycobacterium

Answer 23

-Saphrophyte
-TM = Direct contact, contaminated water, fomites
-CS = Granulomas, skin ulcerations, wasting despite good appetite
-ZOONOTIC

Question 24

Chryseobacterium

Answer 24

-Formerly Flavobacterium
-TM = Enters through wounds/abrasions
-CS = Septicemia, uveitis, corneal edema
-Path = Congestion, hemorrhage, panophthalmitis, meningitis, otitis
-ZOONOTIC

Question 25

Chlamydia

Answer 25

-TM = Fecal/oral -CS = Lethargy, bloat, SC edema, patchy depigmentation of skin -Path = Petechiation, ulceration, gelatinous coelomic effusion, edema, epicarditis, myocarditis, ICIB in hepatocytes and splenocytes -DX = PCR, chlamydial inclusions -ZOONOTIC

Question 26

Lucke herpesvirus (Ranid herpesvirus 1)

Answer 26

-Family alloherpesviridae, enveloped, DNA -Northern leopard frogs -TM = Replicates in winter --> Shed at spawning --> Warmer temps halt replication and rapid tumor growth starts -CS = Renal adenocarcinomas, metastasize -Path = INIB in renal cells -No tx

Question 27

Ranavirus

Answer 27

-Family iridoviridae, enveloped DNA -TM - Infected food, feces, water -CS = Lesions on skin with progression to viscera or sudden death -Path = Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage, ulceration, organ discoloration -DX = PCR -No tx

Question 28

Batrachochytrium dendrobates

Answer 28

-Chytrid -TM = Flagellated, infective zoospores; moist environments direct contact -Confined to keratinized layers of skin -CS = Acute death, anorexia, malaise, ventral edema, petechiation; death due to disruption of cutaneous homeostasis -DX = PCR of skin (congo red, diff quick, PAS)

Question 29

Metabolic bone disease

Answer 29

-Fed diets low in Ca or poor Ca:P -CS = Fractures, scoliosis, rubber jaw -DX = CS and radiographs -TX = Ca supplementation and feed appropriate diet