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ACLAM Boards > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific name of swine

A

Sus scrofa domestica

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2
Q

Age and weight range of most swine used in research? Average weight gain per week?

A

15-30 kg and 8-12 weeks of age

2-5 kg/week

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3
Q

Swine must be free of what two pathogenic agents?

A

Brucellosis and pseudorabies

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4
Q

What vaccines are commonly given to swine as weanlings and when breeding?

A

Weanlings - Erysipelas, lepto
Breeding - Erysipelas, lepto, porcine parvovirus, Bordetella, Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Circovirus

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5
Q

Locations for IM injections in swine?

A

Neck or hind limbs

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6
Q

When drawing blood from the cranial vena cava, what side should be used? Why?

A

The right side. This prevents damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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7
Q

What structure makes intubation difficult in swine?

A

Pharyngeal diverticulum

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8
Q

What breed of pig is known for developing melanomas that regress during their first year?

A

Sinclair minipig

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9
Q

What pig breed is known for Von Willebrand’s disease?

A

Poland China

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10
Q

What mutation is responsible for malignant hyperthermia?

A

RYR1 (Ryanodine receptor) mutation

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11
Q

In swine, the blood supply from the coronary artery is ___ side dominant and there is/is not pre-existing collateral circulation, like in humans.

A

Right-side dominant
No collateral circulation

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12
Q

What about the aorta of swine is like that of humans?

A

It has a true vaso vasorum (Network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels)

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13
Q

What is the torus pyloricus?

A

A muscular outpouching of the stomach near the pylorus

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14
Q

What accessory glands to male swine have?

A

Prostate, vesicular gland, bulbourethral gland

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15
Q

Is the uterus of swine uni- or bi-cornuate?

A

Bicornuate

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16
Q

When do swine reach sexual maturity?

A

3-7 months (4-6 months in mini-pigs)

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17
Q

How long is the estrus cycle of female swine? How long is estrus?

A

21 days, 48 hours

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18
Q

How long is gestation in swine?

A

114-115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)

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19
Q

What type of placentation do swine have?

A

Diffuse epitheliochorial placentation

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20
Q

What is the appropriate temperature range for piglets? Sows?

A

Newborns = 85-95F for first 3-4 weeks then 75-80F for 4-8 weeks
Sows = 68-70F

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21
Q

When are piglets weaned?

A

3-5 weeks

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22
Q

What are the age ranges for the following life stages: Nursing/piglet, starter, grower, finisher?

A

Nursing/piglet = 0-6 weeks
Starter = 6-10 weeks
Grower = 10-16 weeks
Finisher = 16-24 weeks

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23
Q

What breed of swine is prone to developing high membranous VSDs?

A

Yucatans

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24
Q

What breed of swine is used as a model of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes?

A

Ossabaw pig

Island breed with scarce resources –> Thrifty gene

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25
Q

According to the Ag guide, what is the recommended ratio of water devices to pigs?

A

1 water device per 10-20 pigs or at least 2 in a pen located apart from each other

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26
Q

What is the most reliable sign of impending parturition in swine?

A

Increased respiratory rate 6-12 hours prior to parturition

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27
Q

What are swine leukocytes antigens (SLAs)? What are the three classes? What chromosome?

A

Equivalent to human MHC

SLA class I = Universal tissue expression, restrict T cell activation, tolerance for self
SLA class II = Expressed on B cells, macrophages, some CD8 T cells and endothelium
SLA class III = Complement system

Chromosome 7

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28
Q

Antibodies to what porcine sugar cause hyperacute rejection of xenographs in baboons?

A

alpha-1,3-gal (present in most mammals, but not humans or old world monkeys)

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29
Q

Is porcine circovirus-2 an RNA or DNA virus? Enveloped or non-enveloped? Family and genus?

A

RNA, non-enveloped

Family = Circoviridae & genus = circovirus

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30
Q

How is PCV2 shed?

A

In respiratory and oral secretions

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31
Q

What are the three criteria for diagnosis of PCV2?

A

1) Compatible clinical signs 2) Characteristic microscopic lesions 3) PCV2 within lesions

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32
Q

What are the 7 syndromes caused by PCV2?

A
  1. Porcine multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS)
  2. Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
  3. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)
  4. Acute pulmonary edema (APE)
  5. PCV2-associated neuropathy (PAN)
  6. Reproductive failure
  7. Granulomatous enteritis
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33
Q

What is the hallmark pathology of porcine respiratory disease complex caused by PCV2?

A

Granulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia with peribronchial and peribronchiolar fibrosis

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34
Q

What tissues are targeted by PCV2 in feti and neonates? What is seen in terms of reproductive failure?

A

Heart in feti and lymphoid tissue in neonates

See still births, mummification and mid-late term abortions

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35
Q

What type of inclusion bodies do PCV2 cause?

A

Botryoid inclusion bodies (Grape-like clusters)

Intranuclear or intracytoplasmic

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36
Q

What 3 serotypes of salmonella infect swine?

A

1) S. enterica ser cholerasuis 2) S. enterica ser typhimurium 3) S. enteria ser typhisuis

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37
Q

What toxins does S. enterica ser cholerasuis produce? What do they cause?

A

Shiga-like and cholera-like endotoxin –> Microthrombosis and ischemia of vessels in the lamina propria

Rectal strictures (cranial hemorrhoidal artery)

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38
Q

Clinical signs of Salmonella in swine?

A

Cough, dyspnea, pneumonia, cyanosis of ears and ventral abdomen, high fever, diarrhea (last CS to show), distended abdomen due to rectal stricture

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39
Q

Pathology associated with Salmonella infection in swine?

A

Pleuropneumonia, cyanosis of ears, abdomen, feet, tail, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

Erosion of fundic mucosa, necrotic typhlocolitis

S. typhimurium –> Enterotyphlocolitis with BUTTON ULCERS, pseudomembranous fibronecrotic debris

40
Q

What is the causative agent of Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

Gram negative coccobacilli of the family Pasteurellaceae

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of Glasser’s disease in swine?

A

Mild clinical signs in enzootic populations

Anorexia, coughing, dyspnea, depression, sudden death, fibrinous pericarditis, swollen joints and lameness, neuro signs, pyrexia, cyanosis of ears/tail, abortion

42
Q

Pathology associated with Glasser’s disease?

A

Cyanosis of ears/tail, polyarthritis, fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis and leptomeningitis

43
Q

What age group(s) of swine develop clinical signs of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?

A

3 mo. < x < 3 yrs. (Passive immunity protects young and acquired immunity from subclinical infections protects older adults)

44
Q

What is the causative agent of diamond skin disease?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

None or diamond skin lesions, fever, stilted gait/arthritis, sitting posture, abortion, sudden death

46
Q

What virulence factor does Streptococcus suis produce?

A

Suilysin

47
Q

How is Streptococcus suis transmitted?

A

Flies and carrier animals (lives in tonsillar crypts, nasal cavity and GI/repro tracts)

Vertical transmission

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of Streptococcus suis infection?

A

Meningitis, high fever, anorexia, depression, ataxia, paddling, opisthotonus, convulsions, pneumonia, polyarthritis, stillbirths, abscesses, vaginitis, death

49
Q

What age group(s) of swine are affected by S. suis?

A

post weaning 5-12 weeks

50
Q

What kind of virus is Pseudorabies (Suid herpesvirus 1): DNA/RNA, enveloped/not, family, genus, subfamily?

A

Enveloped, DNA

Family = Herpesviridae, Subfamily = Alphaherpesvirinae, Genus = Varicellovirus

51
Q

What happens if a non-swine species is infected with pseudorabies?

A

Death within 3 days

52
Q

Transmission of pseudorabies?

A

Direct contact, fomites, insemination, inhalation, transplacental

53
Q

Where does the pseudorabies virus reside during a latent infection?

A

Trigeminal ganglia

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in swine?

A

Neonates –> CNS signs, posterior paresis (dog sitting), death 24-36 hrs after onset of signs (100% mortality)

> 9 wks of age –> Respiratory signs with high recovery, repro failure (reabsorption in early preg and stillbirth/abortion later)

55
Q

What kind of inclusion bodies does pseudorabies have and where?

A

Intranuclear in neurons and endothelial cells

56
Q

Causative agents of atrophic rhinitis?

A

P. multocida, B. bronchiseptica and H. parasuis

P. multocida needed for progressive form

57
Q

What virulence factors dues Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae produce?

A

Extracellular hemolytic toxins Apx I, II and III

58
Q

What are the clinical signs of A. pleuropneumoniae infection?

A

Peracute = Sudden death, fever, anorexia, cyanotic extremeties, open mouth breathing

Acute = Fever, depression, anorexia, reddened skin, dyspnea

Chronic = Cough, abscesses, arthritis, pleuritis, abortion, endocarditis

59
Q

What pathology is associated with A. pleuropneumoniae?

A

Fibrinous pleuritis, bloody froth in trachea, lung lesions in caudodorsal lobes (dark red lesions)

60
Q

Pathology of Mycopoasma hyopneumoniae infection?

A

Lungs fail to collapse, edema

61
Q

What is the causative agent of inclusion body rhinitis?

A

Porcine cytomegalovirus (Betaherpesvirinae)

Basophilic INIBs in cytomegalic cells of nasal mucosa

62
Q

What parasites cause verminous pneumonia in swine?

A

Metastrongylus spp. and Ascaris suum

63
Q

Do Metastrongylus spp. and Ascaris suum have indirect or direct life cycles? If indirect, what is the IH?

A

Metastrongylus = Indirect (Earth worm)

A. suum = Direct

64
Q

What is the causative agent of swine dysentery?

A

Brachyspira hyodysentariae

65
Q

What age groups is affected by B. hyodysenteriae?

A

Post-weaning

66
Q

What type of diarrhea does B. hyodysenteriae cause?

A

Mucohemorrhagic

67
Q

Pathology associated with B. hyodysenteriae infection?

A

Pseudomembrane formation, crypt proliferation in large intestine + large # of spirochetes in crypts

68
Q

What is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy in swine?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

69
Q

What are the clinical signs of L. intracellularis? Seen in what age group(s)?

A

Post-weaning (6-20 weeks)

Hemorrhagic diarrhea, decreased growth, anorexia

70
Q

Pathology associated with L. intracellularis?

A

Proliferative, necrotic enteritis in ileum, cecum and proximal 3rd of spiral colon

71
Q

What types of stains can be used to look for L. intracellularis?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast), silver, acid-fast

72
Q

What is edema disease?

A

Swelling of forehead and eyelids without diarrhea caused by E. coli

73
Q

What is the most important type of E. coli in swine?

A

ETEC

74
Q

Presentations of Type A and Type C C. perfringens in swine?

A

A = Low mortality commensal that can cause enteric disease

C = Produces beta toxin. Fatal, necrotic enteritis in neonates (12 hr-7 days –> 100% mortality in piglets born to non-immune sows)

75
Q

Pathology associated with C. perfringens infection?

A

Type A = Thin-walled, flaccid intestine

Type C = Segmental transmural necrosis, hemorrhagic lesions

76
Q

What is the causative agent of transmissible gastroenteritis?

A

Alphacoronavirus 1/TGEV (Enveloped, RNA, coronavirus)

77
Q

Clinical signs of TGEV?

A

Piglets <2 weeks = High mortality
Piglets >3 weeks = Survive, stunted growth

Malodorous, yellow/white diarrhea with milk curds, vomiting

78
Q

Pathology of TGEV?

A

Villus atrophy in jejunum and ileum

79
Q

What type of virus is porcine rotavirus?

A

Non-enveloped, dsRNA virus

Reoviridae

80
Q

Clinical signs of porcine rotavirus?

A

1-5 days old = Most severe anorexia, profuse white-yellow diarrhea, vomiting

> 7 days old = Less severe

> 3 weeks = Subclinical

81
Q

Pathology of porcine rotavirus?

A

Villus atrophy of SI, watery contents

82
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Ciliated protozoa found in the cecum and anterior colon

Commensal, may cause typhlitis/colitis as a secondary infection

83
Q

What coccidian causes neonatal coccidiosis in 1-2 week old piglets?

A

Isospora suis

Yellow/grey diarrhea
(high morbidity, low mortality)

84
Q

How is Mycoplasma suis transmitted?

A

Hematopinus suis or contaminated blood products

85
Q

Stain to use to see Mycoplasma suis?

A

Giemsa

86
Q

What is the causative agent of greasy pig disease?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus (normal flora of skin)

87
Q

Age group(s) affected by S. hyicus? CS?

A

5 days to 2 months

Lethargy, anorexia, erythematous skin erosions. vesicles/ulcers

Mainly haired skin

88
Q

Vectors of swine pox?

A

Hematopinus suis, flies, mosquitoes

89
Q

Inclusion bodies caused by swine pox?

A

ICIBs with intranuclear clearing in epithelial cells

90
Q

What is the main species of lepto that causes CS in swine?

A

L. pomona

91
Q

Reproductive syndrome caused by porcine parvovirus?

A

SMEDI (stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death, infertility)

92
Q

Pathology of porcine parvovirus?

A

Edematous placenta with white, chalk-like deposits

93
Q

What type of virus is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: DNA/RNA, enveloped/not, family?

A

Enveloped, RNA virus

Arteriviridae

94
Q

Hallmark clinical syndromes of PRRSV?

A

High piglet mortality, SMEDI and respiratory disease in wide age range

95
Q

What factors are associated with development of gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter, high carb diet, finely ground diet, stress

96
Q
A

ACLAM Boards (13 decks)

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