Swine Flashcards
Scientific name of swine
Sus scrofa domestica
Age and weight range of most swine used in research? Average weight gain per week?
15-30 kg and 8-12 weeks of age
2-5 kg/week
Swine must be free of what two pathogenic agents?
Brucellosis and pseudorabies
What vaccines are commonly given to swine as weanlings and when breeding?
Weanlings - Erysipelas, lepto
Breeding - Erysipelas, lepto, porcine parvovirus, Bordetella, Pasteurella multocida, E. coli, Circovirus
Locations for IM injections in swine?
Neck or hind limbs
When drawing blood from the cranial vena cava, what side should be used? Why?
The right side. This prevents damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
What structure makes intubation difficult in swine?
Pharyngeal diverticulum
What breed of pig is known for developing melanomas that regress during their first year?
Sinclair minipig
What pig breed is known for Von Willebrand’s disease?
Poland China
What mutation is responsible for malignant hyperthermia?
RYR1 (Ryanodine receptor) mutation
In swine, the blood supply from the coronary artery is ___ side dominant and there is/is not pre-existing collateral circulation, like in humans.
Right-side dominant
No collateral circulation
What about the aorta of swine is like that of humans?
It has a true vaso vasorum (Network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels)
What is the torus pyloricus?
A muscular outpouching of the stomach near the pylorus
What accessory glands to male swine have?
Prostate, vesicular gland, bulbourethral gland
Is the uterus of swine uni- or bi-cornuate?
Bicornuate
When do swine reach sexual maturity?
3-7 months (4-6 months in mini-pigs)
How long is the estrus cycle of female swine? How long is estrus?
21 days, 48 hours
How long is gestation in swine?
114-115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
What type of placentation do swine have?
Diffuse epitheliochorial placentation
What is the appropriate temperature range for piglets? Sows?
Newborns = 85-95F for first 3-4 weeks then 75-80F for 4-8 weeks
Sows = 68-70F
When are piglets weaned?
3-5 weeks
What are the age ranges for the following life stages: Nursing/piglet, starter, grower, finisher?
Nursing/piglet = 0-6 weeks
Starter = 6-10 weeks
Grower = 10-16 weeks
Finisher = 16-24 weeks
What breed of swine is prone to developing high membranous VSDs?
Yucatans
What breed of swine is used as a model of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes?
Ossabaw pig
Island breed with scarce resources –> Thrifty gene
According to the Ag guide, what is the recommended ratio of water devices to pigs?
1 water device per 10-20 pigs or at least 2 in a pen located apart from each other
What is the most reliable sign of impending parturition in swine?
Increased respiratory rate 6-12 hours prior to parturition
What are swine leukocytes antigens (SLAs)? What are the three classes? What chromosome?
Equivalent to human MHC
SLA class I = Universal tissue expression, restrict T cell activation, tolerance for self
SLA class II = Expressed on B cells, macrophages, some CD8 T cells and endothelium
SLA class III = Complement system
Chromosome 7
Antibodies to what porcine sugar cause hyperacute rejection of xenographs in baboons?
alpha-1,3-gal (present in most mammals, but not humans or old world monkeys)
Is porcine circovirus-2 an RNA or DNA virus? Enveloped or non-enveloped? Family and genus?
RNA, non-enveloped
Family = Circoviridae & genus = circovirus
How is PCV2 shed?
In respiratory and oral secretions
What are the three criteria for diagnosis of PCV2?
1) Compatible clinical signs 2) Characteristic microscopic lesions 3) PCV2 within lesions
What are the 7 syndromes caused by PCV2?
- Porcine multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS)
- Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
- Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)
- Acute pulmonary edema (APE)
- PCV2-associated neuropathy (PAN)
- Reproductive failure
- Granulomatous enteritis
What is the hallmark pathology of porcine respiratory disease complex caused by PCV2?
Granulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia with peribronchial and peribronchiolar fibrosis
What tissues are targeted by PCV2 in feti and neonates? What is seen in terms of reproductive failure?
Heart in feti and lymphoid tissue in neonates
See still births, mummification and mid-late term abortions
What type of inclusion bodies do PCV2 cause?
Botryoid inclusion bodies (Grape-like clusters)
Intranuclear or intracytoplasmic
What 3 serotypes of salmonella infect swine?
1) S. enterica ser cholerasuis 2) S. enterica ser typhimurium 3) S. enteria ser typhisuis
What toxins does S. enterica ser cholerasuis produce? What do they cause?
Shiga-like and cholera-like endotoxin –> Microthrombosis and ischemia of vessels in the lamina propria
Rectal strictures (cranial hemorrhoidal artery)
Clinical signs of Salmonella in swine?
Cough, dyspnea, pneumonia, cyanosis of ears and ventral abdomen, high fever, diarrhea (last CS to show), distended abdomen due to rectal stricture
Pathology associated with Salmonella infection in swine?
Pleuropneumonia, cyanosis of ears, abdomen, feet, tail, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
Erosion of fundic mucosa, necrotic typhlocolitis
S. typhimurium –> Enterotyphlocolitis with BUTTON ULCERS, pseudomembranous fibronecrotic debris
What is the causative agent of Glasser’s disease?
Haemophilus parasuis
Gram negative coccobacilli of the family Pasteurellaceae
What are the clinical signs of Glasser’s disease in swine?
Mild clinical signs in enzootic populations
Anorexia, coughing, dyspnea, depression, sudden death, fibrinous pericarditis, swollen joints and lameness, neuro signs, pyrexia, cyanosis of ears/tail, abortion
Pathology associated with Glasser’s disease?
Cyanosis of ears/tail, polyarthritis, fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis and leptomeningitis
What age group(s) of swine develop clinical signs of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?
3 mo. < x < 3 yrs. (Passive immunity protects young and acquired immunity from subclinical infections protects older adults)
What is the causative agent of diamond skin disease?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What are the clinical signs of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
None or diamond skin lesions, fever, stilted gait/arthritis, sitting posture, abortion, sudden death
What virulence factor does Streptococcus suis produce?
Suilysin
How is Streptococcus suis transmitted?
Flies and carrier animals (lives in tonsillar crypts, nasal cavity and GI/repro tracts)
Vertical transmission
What are the clinical signs of Streptococcus suis infection?
Meningitis, high fever, anorexia, depression, ataxia, paddling, opisthotonus, convulsions, pneumonia, polyarthritis, stillbirths, abscesses, vaginitis, death
What age group(s) of swine are affected by S. suis?
post weaning 5-12 weeks
What kind of virus is Pseudorabies (Suid herpesvirus 1): DNA/RNA, enveloped/not, family, genus, subfamily?
Enveloped, DNA
Family = Herpesviridae, Subfamily = Alphaherpesvirinae, Genus = Varicellovirus
What happens if a non-swine species is infected with pseudorabies?
Death within 3 days
Transmission of pseudorabies?
Direct contact, fomites, insemination, inhalation, transplacental
Where does the pseudorabies virus reside during a latent infection?
Trigeminal ganglia
What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in swine?
Neonates –> CNS signs, posterior paresis (dog sitting), death 24-36 hrs after onset of signs (100% mortality)
> 9 wks of age –> Respiratory signs with high recovery, repro failure (reabsorption in early preg and stillbirth/abortion later)
What kind of inclusion bodies does pseudorabies have and where?
Intranuclear in neurons and endothelial cells
Causative agents of atrophic rhinitis?
P. multocida, B. bronchiseptica and H. parasuis
P. multocida needed for progressive form
What virulence factors dues Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae produce?
Extracellular hemolytic toxins Apx I, II and III
What are the clinical signs of A. pleuropneumoniae infection?
Peracute = Sudden death, fever, anorexia, cyanotic extremeties, open mouth breathing
Acute = Fever, depression, anorexia, reddened skin, dyspnea
Chronic = Cough, abscesses, arthritis, pleuritis, abortion, endocarditis
What pathology is associated with A. pleuropneumoniae?
Fibrinous pleuritis, bloody froth in trachea, lung lesions in caudodorsal lobes (dark red lesions)
Pathology of Mycopoasma hyopneumoniae infection?
Lungs fail to collapse, edema
What is the causative agent of inclusion body rhinitis?
Porcine cytomegalovirus (Betaherpesvirinae)
Basophilic INIBs in cytomegalic cells of nasal mucosa
What parasites cause verminous pneumonia in swine?
Metastrongylus spp. and Ascaris suum
Do Metastrongylus spp. and Ascaris suum have indirect or direct life cycles? If indirect, what is the IH?
Metastrongylus = Indirect (Earth worm)
A. suum = Direct
What is the causative agent of swine dysentery?
Brachyspira hyodysentariae
What age groups is affected by B. hyodysenteriae?
Post-weaning
What type of diarrhea does B. hyodysenteriae cause?
Mucohemorrhagic
Pathology associated with B. hyodysenteriae infection?
Pseudomembrane formation, crypt proliferation in large intestine + large # of spirochetes in crypts
What is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy in swine?
Lawsonia intracellularis
What are the clinical signs of L. intracellularis? Seen in what age group(s)?
Post-weaning (6-20 weeks)
Hemorrhagic diarrhea, decreased growth, anorexia
Pathology associated with L. intracellularis?
Proliferative, necrotic enteritis in ileum, cecum and proximal 3rd of spiral colon
What types of stains can be used to look for L. intracellularis?
Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast), silver, acid-fast
What is edema disease?
Swelling of forehead and eyelids without diarrhea caused by E. coli
What is the most important type of E. coli in swine?
ETEC
Presentations of Type A and Type C C. perfringens in swine?
A = Low mortality commensal that can cause enteric disease
C = Produces beta toxin. Fatal, necrotic enteritis in neonates (12 hr-7 days –> 100% mortality in piglets born to non-immune sows)
Pathology associated with C. perfringens infection?
Type A = Thin-walled, flaccid intestine
Type C = Segmental transmural necrosis, hemorrhagic lesions
What is the causative agent of transmissible gastroenteritis?
Alphacoronavirus 1/TGEV (Enveloped, RNA, coronavirus)
Clinical signs of TGEV?
Piglets <2 weeks = High mortality
Piglets >3 weeks = Survive, stunted growth
Malodorous, yellow/white diarrhea with milk curds, vomiting
Pathology of TGEV?
Villus atrophy in jejunum and ileum
What type of virus is porcine rotavirus?
Non-enveloped, dsRNA virus
Reoviridae
Clinical signs of porcine rotavirus?
1-5 days old = Most severe anorexia, profuse white-yellow diarrhea, vomiting
> 7 days old = Less severe
> 3 weeks = Subclinical
Pathology of porcine rotavirus?
Villus atrophy of SI, watery contents
Balantidium coli
Ciliated protozoa found in the cecum and anterior colon
Commensal, may cause typhlitis/colitis as a secondary infection
What coccidian causes neonatal coccidiosis in 1-2 week old piglets?
Isospora suis
Yellow/grey diarrhea
(high morbidity, low mortality)
How is Mycoplasma suis transmitted?
Hematopinus suis or contaminated blood products
Stain to use to see Mycoplasma suis?
Giemsa
What is the causative agent of greasy pig disease?
Staphylococcus hyicus (normal flora of skin)
Age group(s) affected by S. hyicus? CS?
5 days to 2 months
Lethargy, anorexia, erythematous skin erosions. vesicles/ulcers
Mainly haired skin
Vectors of swine pox?
Hematopinus suis, flies, mosquitoes
Inclusion bodies caused by swine pox?
ICIBs with intranuclear clearing in epithelial cells
What is the main species of lepto that causes CS in swine?
L. pomona
Reproductive syndrome caused by porcine parvovirus?
SMEDI (stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death, infertility)
Pathology of porcine parvovirus?
Edematous placenta with white, chalk-like deposits
What type of virus is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: DNA/RNA, enveloped/not, family?
Enveloped, RNA virus
Arteriviridae
Hallmark clinical syndromes of PRRSV?
High piglet mortality, SMEDI and respiratory disease in wide age range
What factors are associated with development of gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter, high carb diet, finely ground diet, stress
