Anesthesia and Analgesia Flashcards
Sevo + soda lime = ? and what are the clinical impacts
Compound A, nephrotoxic in rats
What drugs can be given to counteract bradycardia caused by opioids?
Anticholinergics (atropine and glycopyrrolate)
Antagonist for opioids
Naloxone
What class of drugs are xylazine and medetomidine? What are the reversal agents?
-a2-adrenergic agonists
-Reversal for xylazine = yohimbine and reversal for medetomidine = atipamezole
What drug class are diazepam and midazolam in? What is the reversal?
Benzodiazepines, flumazenil
Drug class of acepromazine. Contraindication?
Phenothiazine tranquilizers; should not be used in dehydrated or hemorrhaging patients d/t vasodilation
Reversals for neuromuscular blocking agents
Neostigmine and physostigmine
Drug name of Avertin
Tribromoethanol
What drug class is unfavorable for fetal sx in rodents? Why?
ALpha2-adrenergic agonists (xylazine, medetomidine) b/c reduce uterine blood flow and increase uterine contractility
Some rabbits have high levels of ___ which makes ___ ineffective
Atropinesterase; atropine (use gycopyrrolate instead)
____ is nephrotoxic in rabbits and should not be used
Telazol
Order reflexes in descending order of usefulness in monitoring rabbit anesthesia
Pinna > Pedal withdrawal > Corneal > Palpebral
2nd and 3rd degree heart block is common in what species and should be assessed for pre-operatively
Ferrets
_____ causes methemoglobinemia in sheep and goats
Benzocaine
At high doses ____ is nephrotoxic to NHPs (proximal tubular necrosis)
Sevoflurane
Define transduction, transmission, projection and modulation
-Transduction = Converting noxious thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli into action potentials
-Transmission = The process by which primary afferent sensory neurons propagate action potentials to the spinal cord
-Projection = Process of conveying info through the spinal cord (starting in the dorsal horn) to the brain
-Modulation = Process by which nociceptive info from primary afferent neurons is inhibited or augmented
C vs A-delta vs A-beta sensory neuron fibers
-C: Unmyelinated axons, slow conduction, dull and slower onset pain
-A-delta: Myelinated, intermediate conduction, rapid sensation
-A-beta: Transmit innocuous mechanical stimuli, myelinated with fast conduction velocity
Primary tract by which nociceptive information reaches the brain
Spinothalamic tract
Primary excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
GAMA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)
Define neuropathic pain
Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system
Hargreaves’ Test
Thermal pain assay; light beam focused onto hindpaw until paw is lifted, shaken or licked
Randall-Selitto test
Withdrawal from pressure applied to paw (mostly used in rat)
Tail-clip test
Clip applied to tail base and measure latency to lick, bite, grab or bring nose w/in 1 cm of clip; very sensitive to repeated testing
