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Nursing, LPN, Year 1 > X A&P - Chp 9 - nervous system, spinal cord, spinal nerves > Flashcards

X A&P - Chp 9 - nervous system, spinal cord, spinal nerves Flashcards

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0
Q

Action Potential

A

Electric current that spreads along membrane of neuron

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1
Q

Central NS comprised of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral NS comprised of

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Fiber that carries impulses towards cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

Fiber that carries impulse away from cell body

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5
Q

Afferent

A
  • Sensory type
  • Carries impulses towards CNS
  • An outside thing Affected me. Afferent
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6
Q

Efferent

A
  • Motor type

- Caries impulses away from CNS to muscle/gland

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7
Q

Efferent

A
  • Motor type
  • Caries impulses away from CNS
  • The message from brain effected the outside
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8
Q

(Functional divisions)

Somatic nervous system

A
  • Voluntary

- Skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Parts of Autonomic NS

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • Fight or flight

- originate in spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar region (thoracolumbar)

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11
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • Fight or flight

- originate in spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar region (thoracolumbar)

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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary, conscious will (Skeletal Muscles)

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13
Q

Biofeedback

A

training to consciously control involuntary functions, i.e. blood pressure, heart rate

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14
Q

Effector

A

Any tissue or organ that carries out a nervous system command (muscles, glands)

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15
Q

Structural Division of Nervous System

A
  • Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord)

- Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial, Spinal Nerves)

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16
Q

Nodes

A

small spaces on axon between Myelin Sheath

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17
Q

(Anatomic Division)

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Somatic (voluntary, conscious will)

- Autonomic aka Visceral Nervous System (involuntary)

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18
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (visceral nervous system)

A
  • Involuntary
  • Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • Found in soft body organs, viscera
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19
Q

Myelinated coated Fibers color

A

White, in white matter of of brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

Structure of Neurons

A
  • Dendrites (receptors, conduct impulses TO cell body)

- Axons (conduct impulses AWAY from cell body, to another neuron, muscle, nerve)

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21
Q

Color of un-myelinated fibers

A

grey, grey matter

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22
Q

Myelin Sheath (see pic)

A
  • insulates and protects fiber. Formed by Schwann cells, wrap around axon.
  • When sheath is complete, remaining small spaces remain, Nodes.
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23
Q

Nerve

A

a fiber bundle within the PNS

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24
Q

interneurons (central and/or association nuerons)

A

relay info within CNS

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25
Q

Myelin Sheath (see pic)

A

-insulates and protects fiber. Formed by Schwann cells, wrap around axon.

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26
Q

Tract

A

a fiber bundle within the CNS

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27
Q

Endoneurium

A

coating around an individual nerve fiber

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28
Q

Perinuerium

A

coating around a fascicle

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29
Q

Fibers contained in a nerve

A

sensory, motor or a combo of both

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30
Q

Epineurium

A

coating around the entire nerve

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31
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A
  • conduct impulses TO spinal cord.

- If you touch something it AFFECTS you

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32
Q

Sensory nerves (afferent)

A

cranial nerves containing only sensory fibers sending messages to the brain

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33
Q

Motor nerves

A

cranial nerves conducting messages AWAY from the brain

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34
Q

Mixed nerves

A

most of the cranial nerves and ALL spinal nerves and

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36
Q

Astrocytes

A

stem cells, regeneration of nervous tissue

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37
Q

Resting State (of nerve impluse)

A

inside negaticve, outside positive (polarized)

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38
Q

motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

-conduct impulses to muscle/glands (effectors). reflex to -withdraw when you are touching something sharp/hot

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39
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ flows inside and K+ flow out making inside more positive and outside negative

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40
Q

Repolarization

A

returning back to resting state.

41
Q

Electric impulse moves _____ over myelinated cells

A

faster

42
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

the way current jumps from node to node in myelinated cells

43
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

axon of a cell

44
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • stem cells, regeneration of nervous tissue

- form blood brain barrier

45
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

dendrite of a cell

46
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

gap that neurotransmitters send messages over

47
Q

Enlarged axon ending

A

terminal knobs/end bulb

48
Q

After neurotransmitter released, may be removed by

A
  • Slowly diffuse away
  • destroyed rapidly by enzyme in synaptic cleft
  • re uptake
  • taken by neuroglial cells, astrocytes
49
Q

Common Neurotransmitters

A 
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Acetylcholine 
Serotonin (brain)
Dopamine  (brain)
GABA (brain)
50
Q

Spinal Cord structure (see pic)

A

Inner grey matter (dorsal and ventral horns give H shape)

outer white matter

51
Q

Grey commissure

A

bridge of gray matter that connects the R and L horns

52
Q

Central Canal contains

A

Cerebro Spinal Fluid - in spinal cord

53
Q

Ascending tracts

A

impulses transmitted TO brain through white matter

54
Q

Descending tracts

A

impulses transmitted FROM brain through gray matter to PNS

55
Q

How many spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

56
Q

Cauda Equina

A

bundle of nerve roots in sacral region meet (horses tail)

57
Q

Each nerve connected to spinal cord by

A

Dorsal and ventral roots

58
Q

ganglion

A

any collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS

59
Q

Ventral Root

A

contains motor fibers that supply muscles and glands
EFFECTORS
located in Ventral horn

60
Q

Plexus (see pic)

A

-branching network of vessels or nerves

61
Q

Cervical Plexus (see pic)

A

-supplies motor impluses to
neck muscles.
-receives sensory impulse from neck and back of head
-Phrenic nerve activates diaphragm, in this plexus

62
Q

Brachial Plexus (see pic)

A

branches to

shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand

63
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A
  • supplies nerves to pelvis and legs
  • Femoral nerve (to thigh)
  • Sciatic nerve (dorsal down butt to thigh, 1” thick then branches to leg and foot)
64
Q

Dermatomes (see pic, rainbow man)

A

regions supplied by single spinal nerves

65
Q

Reflex Arc

A

pathway through nervous system from stimulus to response

66
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • cell transmits impulse TO CNS

- enter dorsal horn of SCord gray matter

67
Q

CNS

A

where impulse coordinated and response organized

68
Q

Disorders of Spinal Cord

A

Multiple Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Sclerosis
Poliomyelitis

69
Q

Disorder of Spinal Nerves

A

Neuritis
Sciatica
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

70
Q

Neuropathy

A

any disease of the nerve

71
Q

Innervate

A

nerve tissue going to an area and providing it with nervous signals

72
Q

3 types of Nerves

A
  • Afferent (sensory neurons message TO CNS)
  • Efferent (motor neurons TO muscles/glands)
  • Mixed
73
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low sodium

74
Q

Hypernatremia

A

high sodium

75
Q

Hypokalemia

A

low K

76
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

high K

78
Q

Nodes

A

spaces on axon between myelin sheath

79
Q

lack of Seratonin causes

A
  • Depression
  • Seratonin gets reuntaken to be used again
  • Depression meds inhibit axon from reuptaking seratonin so it lingers in the sysnapse to promote feeling of well being
80
Q

mono synaptic reflex arc

A

body reacts before brain even realizes it

81
Q

Meninges of Brain

A
  • Pia Mater (closest to brain)
  • dura mater (outermost layer, like canvas
  • Aarachnoid layer (weblike, full of capillaries)
82
Q

Folds and Bumps of brain tissie

A

Sulci (inner folds)

Gyri (bumps)

82
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

neurotransmitter

A

Fight or Flight
Epinephrine/Nor Epinephrine
Adrenaline/Nor Adrenaline

82
Q

Autonomic nervous system controlled by

A

Hypothalamus

83
Q

Medulary Hormones

A

Catecholamines (from adrenal medula)

83
Q

Sympathetic NS activates

And what neurotransmitter

A

Fight or flight

Epinephrine (norepinephrine )

84
Q

Depolarization and Re polarization only happen where?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

84
Q

Parasympathetic NS activate

And neurotransmitter

A

Rest & Digest

Acetylcholine

85
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

thick mucous secretions. Very salty

85
Q

See chart of sympathetic vs parasympathetic

A

See pic of notes

86
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

scar tissue preventing conduction on schwann cells

87
Q

Phagocyte Glial Cell

A

Microglia

88
Q

Neurotransmitter for affectors

A

Acetocholine

89
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

  • neurotransmitter
  • receptors
A
  • Epi/Nor Epi

- Alpha (mostly on blood vessels) & Beta (mostly on heart)

90
Q

Alpha Blocker

A
  • blocks effects of epinephrine on blood vessels. stops from constrict blood vessels
  • adrenurgic antagonist
91
Q

Beta Blocker

A

-blocks effects of Epi on heart.

92
Q

Alpha & Beta Adrenergic part of what NS and what neurotransmitter

A
  • Sympathetic NS

- Epinepherine

93
Q

Cholinergic receptors

-what NS, what neurotransmitter

A
  • Parasympathetic NS

- acetocholine

94
Q

2 types of Cholinergic receptors

A

Moscarinic

Nicotonic

Nursing, LPN, Year 1 (44 decks)

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