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Nursing, LPN, Year 1 > X A&P - Chp 9 - nervous system, spinal cord, spinal nerves > Flashcards

X A&P - Chp 9 - nervous system, spinal cord, spinal nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Action Potential

A

Electric current that spreads along membrane of neuron

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1
Q

Central NS comprised of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral NS comprised of

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Fiber that carries impulses towards cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

Fiber that carries impulse away from cell body

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5
Q

Afferent

A
  • Sensory type
  • Carries impulses towards CNS
  • An outside thing Affected me. Afferent
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6
Q

Efferent

A
  • Motor type

- Caries impulses away from CNS to muscle/gland

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7
Q

Efferent

A
  • Motor type
  • Caries impulses away from CNS
  • The message from brain effected the outside
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8
Q

(Functional divisions)

Somatic nervous system

A
  • Voluntary

- Skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Parts of Autonomic NS

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • Fight or flight

- originate in spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar region (thoracolumbar)

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11
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • Fight or flight

- originate in spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar region (thoracolumbar)

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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

voluntary, conscious will (Skeletal Muscles)

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13
Q

Biofeedback

A

training to consciously control involuntary functions, i.e. blood pressure, heart rate

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14
Q

Effector

A

Any tissue or organ that carries out a nervous system command (muscles, glands)

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15
Q

Structural Division of Nervous System

A
  • Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord)

- Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial, Spinal Nerves)

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16
Q

Nodes

A

small spaces on axon between Myelin Sheath

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17
Q

(Anatomic Division)

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Somatic (voluntary, conscious will)

- Autonomic aka Visceral Nervous System (involuntary)

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18
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (visceral nervous system)

A
  • Involuntary
  • Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • Found in soft body organs, viscera
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19
Q

Myelinated coated Fibers color

A

White, in white matter of of brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

Structure of Neurons

A
  • Dendrites (receptors, conduct impulses TO cell body)

- Axons (conduct impulses AWAY from cell body, to another neuron, muscle, nerve)

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21
Q

Color of un-myelinated fibers

A

grey, grey matter

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22
Q

Myelin Sheath (see pic)

A
  • insulates and protects fiber. Formed by Schwann cells, wrap around axon.
  • When sheath is complete, remaining small spaces remain, Nodes.
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23
Q

Nerve

A

a fiber bundle within the PNS

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24
interneurons (central and/or association nuerons)
relay info within CNS
25
Myelin Sheath (see pic)
-insulates and protects fiber. Formed by Schwann cells, wrap around axon.
26
Tract
a fiber bundle within the CNS
27
Endoneurium
coating around an individual nerve fiber
28
Perinuerium
coating around a fascicle
29
Fibers contained in a nerve
sensory, motor or a combo of both
30
Epineurium
coating around the entire nerve
31
Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
- conduct impulses TO spinal cord. | - If you touch something it AFFECTS you
32
Sensory nerves (afferent)
cranial nerves containing only sensory fibers sending messages to the brain
33
Motor nerves
cranial nerves conducting messages AWAY from the brain
34
Mixed nerves
most of the cranial nerves and ALL spinal nerves and
36
Astrocytes
stem cells, regeneration of nervous tissue
37
Resting State (of nerve impluse)
inside negaticve, outside positive (polarized)
38
motor neurons (efferent neurons)
-conduct impulses to muscle/glands (effectors). reflex to -withdraw when you are touching something sharp/hot
39
Depolarization
Na+ flows inside and K+ flow out making inside more positive and outside negative
40
Repolarization
returning back to resting state.
41
Electric impulse moves _____ over myelinated cells
faster
42
Saltatory conduction
the way current jumps from node to node in myelinated cells
43
Presynaptic cell
axon of a cell
44
Astrocytes
- stem cells, regeneration of nervous tissue | - form blood brain barrier
45
postsynaptic cell
dendrite of a cell
46
Synaptic cleft
gap that neurotransmitters send messages over
47
Enlarged axon ending
terminal knobs/end bulb
48
After neurotransmitter released, may be removed by
- Slowly diffuse away - destroyed rapidly by enzyme in synaptic cleft - re uptake - taken by neuroglial cells, astrocytes
49
Common Neurotransmitters
``` epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Acetylcholine Serotonin (brain) Dopamine (brain) GABA (brain) ```
50
Spinal Cord structure (see pic)
Inner grey matter (dorsal and ventral horns give H shape) | outer white matter
51
Grey commissure
bridge of gray matter that connects the R and L horns
52
Central Canal contains
Cerebro Spinal Fluid - in spinal cord
53
Ascending tracts
impulses transmitted TO brain through white matter
54
Descending tracts
impulses transmitted FROM brain through gray matter to PNS
55
How many spinal nerves
31 pairs
56
Cauda Equina
bundle of nerve roots in sacral region meet (horses tail)
57
Each nerve connected to spinal cord by
Dorsal and ventral roots
58
ganglion
any collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS
59
Ventral Root
contains motor fibers that supply muscles and glands EFFECTORS located in Ventral horn
60
Plexus (see pic)
-branching network of vessels or nerves
61
Cervical Plexus (see pic)
-supplies motor impluses to neck muscles. -receives sensory impulse from neck and back of head -Phrenic nerve activates diaphragm, in this plexus
62
Brachial Plexus (see pic)
branches to | shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
63
Lumbosacral Plexus
- supplies nerves to pelvis and legs - Femoral nerve (to thigh) - Sciatic nerve (dorsal down butt to thigh, 1" thick then branches to leg and foot)
64
Dermatomes (see pic, rainbow man)
regions supplied by single spinal nerves
65
Reflex Arc
pathway through nervous system from stimulus to response
66
Sensory Neuron
- cell transmits impulse TO CNS | - enter dorsal horn of SCord gray matter
67
CNS
where impulse coordinated and response organized
68
Disorders of Spinal Cord
Multiple Sclerosis Amyotrophic Sclerosis Poliomyelitis
69
Disorder of Spinal Nerves
Neuritis Sciatica Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
70
Neuropathy
any disease of the nerve
71
Innervate
nerve tissue going to an area and providing it with nervous signals
72
3 types of Nerves
- Afferent (sensory neurons message TO CNS) - Efferent (motor neurons TO muscles/glands) - Mixed
73
Hyponatremia
low sodium
74
Hypernatremia
high sodium
75
Hypokalemia
low K
76
Hyperkalemia
high K
78
Nodes
spaces on axon between myelin sheath
79
lack of Seratonin causes
- Depression - Seratonin gets reuntaken to be used again - Depression meds inhibit axon from reuptaking seratonin so it lingers in the sysnapse to promote feeling of well being
80
mono synaptic reflex arc
body reacts before brain even realizes it
81
Meninges of Brain
- Pia Mater (closest to brain) - dura mater (outermost layer, like canvas - Aarachnoid layer (weblike, full of capillaries)
82
Folds and Bumps of brain tissie
Sulci (inner folds) | Gyri (bumps)
82
Sympathetic Nervous System | neurotransmitter
Fight or Flight Epinephrine/Nor Epinephrine Adrenaline/Nor Adrenaline
82
Autonomic nervous system controlled by
Hypothalamus
83
Medulary Hormones
Catecholamines (from adrenal medula)
83
Sympathetic NS activates | And what neurotransmitter
Fight or flight | Epinephrine (norepinephrine )
84
Depolarization and Re polarization only happen where?
Nodes of Ranvier
84
Parasympathetic NS activate | And neurotransmitter
Rest & Digest | Acetylcholine
85
Cystic Fibrosis
thick mucous secretions. Very salty
85
See chart of sympathetic vs parasympathetic
See pic of notes
86
Multiple Sclerosis
scar tissue preventing conduction on schwann cells
87
Phagocyte Glial Cell
Microglia
88
Neurotransmitter for affectors
Acetocholine
89
Sympathetic Nervous System - neurotransmitter - receptors
- Epi/Nor Epi | - Alpha (mostly on blood vessels) & Beta (mostly on heart)
90
Alpha Blocker
- blocks effects of epinephrine on blood vessels. stops from constrict blood vessels - adrenurgic antagonist
91
Beta Blocker
-blocks effects of Epi on heart.
92
Alpha & Beta Adrenergic part of what NS and what neurotransmitter
- Sympathetic NS | - Epinepherine
93
Cholinergic receptors | -what NS, what neurotransmitter
- Parasympathetic NS | - acetocholine
94
2 types of Cholinergic receptors
Moscarinic | Nicotonic

Nursing, LPN, Year 1 (44 decks)

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