x A&P - Ch 3, Cells and their function Flashcards
Types of Microscopes
Single lens
TEM transmission electron
SEM scanning electron
Cytology
The study of cells
Image of cell
See image
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Nucleus
Largest organelle in cell
Houses chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Fills nucleus membrane to plasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vesicles
DNA, RNA structure
Four nucleotides: AGCT OR U
Sugar: ribose, deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
Surface Organelles
Cilia
Flagellum
DNA
Gene codes for bldg of amino acids
RNA
Protein synthesis
Meiosis
Division of sex cells
Until they go from 46 to 23 chromosomes in order to fertilize w egg or sperm to have 46 total again
Mitosis
Division of somatic cells
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
Carries thyroid enzyme out of the thyroid
Secretes enzymes
?
Liposomes
?
Peroxisomes
?
Granulosite
?
Vesicles
?
Bubbles that contain chemicals to be transported out of the cell
Centrioles
Develop during cell division, Mitosis
Structured items that help cells divide
Surface Organelles
Cilia
Flagellum
Genes
Portion of chromosome that control body characteristics
How many chromosomes do we have?
46
Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21
Growth on the 21st chromosome
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
?
Mitotically active
Cancer cells
Keeps splitting out of control
How does Glucose travel
Insulin opens door in plasma membrane for glucose to enter
If no insulin, blood sugar gets high. Stays in blood and can’t pas through cells. Cells are still starving so they get cravings and eat more creating more sugar in blood. Diabetes
Passive Transport
Doesn’t need ATP to pass through cell membrane
Diffusion- seeks equal concentration
Osmosis- water following salt
Filtration - w pressure, kidneys
Facilitated infusion
Isotonic
.9% NaCl
Saline
Isotonic to body
Hypotonic Solution
Half normal saline
.45%
Glomerula filtrate
Urine
Phagocytosis
WBC cleaning up uses ATP
Cell in hypotonic solution?
Water flows into saltier cell and gets engorged may even burst
Hypertonic solution
Dehydrates cells
Crenated cell
Cell Aging
Free Radical injury -most common sun
Enzyme Injury
Gene Alteration or Mutation - DNA not lining up
Slowing cell activity- age
Apoptosis- programmed cell death. After certain amount of replications, cell just stops
Membrane Potential
Difference in electric charge on either side of plasma membrane
Cytosol
Liquid part of cytoplasm
Types Parts of Cells
Channels Transporters receptors Enzymes Linkers Cell identity markers
Plasma membrane made of
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network w/in cytoplasm
Smooth ER- synthesis of lipids
Round ER- ribosomes attached and synthesis of protein
Ribosomes made where
In Nucleolus
Then live on ER or in cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Energy from nutrients converted to cellular energy, ATP
Autolysis
Self destructing . When lysosomes consumes itself
Golgi Apparatus
Sorting and modifying proteins then packaging them for export from the cell
Vesicles
Move materials in and out of cells
Centrioles
Rod shaped bodies near nucleus that function in cell division. Help organize cells and diode cell contents during this process.
4 stages of Mitosis
See pic
Interphase - resting Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
