X A&P - Chp 18 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Respiration
A
Gas Exchange
2
Q
Ventilation
A
air moving in and out (exchange)
3
Q
bicarbonate ion
A
result of Carbonic anhydrase reacting with Carbonic acid
4
Q
carbonic acid
A
CO2 + H2O, result of increased CO2 levels in blood reacting with water in body to create acidosis.
5
Q
bronchus
A
main stem
6
Q
dyspnea
A
difficulty breathing
7
Q
Epiglottis
A
covers trachea when you swallow food to ensure it only goes down the esophogus
8
Q
hypercapnia
A
high levels of CO2
9
Q
hypoxia
A
low levels of O2
10
Q
phrenic nerves
A
stimulates diaphragm
11
Q
pleura
A
serous membrane outside the organs?
12
Q
pneumothorax
A
collapsed lung. air gets between lung and chest wall and forces lung down
13
Q
surfectant
A
chemical to keep alveolus open. prevent them from sticking together if they collapse.
14
Q
Phases of Respiration
A
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external respiration (external gas exchange)
3) gas transport in the blood
4) internal respiration (internal gas exchange)
15
Q
External Respiration
A
exchange of gasses btwn alveoli and capillaries in lung.
16
Q
Internal Respiratoin
A
exchange of gasses btwn body cells and capillaries
17
Q
How do CO2 and O2 always move?
A
Diffusion
18
Q
Pharynx is shared with what system?
A
GI
19
Q
Nostrils aka
A
nares
20
Q
Larynx aka
A
voice box
21
Q
what are rings on Trachea called?
A
C rings. The are NOT full circles (see pic)
22
Q
Parietal layer of pleura (fist in balloon) touches organ, what layer faces up
A
visceral
23
Q
Pleura
A
serous membrane that sorounds the lung
24
Q
What are attached to Terminal Bronchiole
A
Alveoli
25
Conchae
ridged body structure in nose, covered with mucous membrane. causes inhaled air to be warmed and moistened.
26
Pharynx Structure and function
Carries air to respiratory tract and food to digestive system.
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngeal pharynx
27
Thyroid Cartilage larger in men aka
Adams Apple
28
Vocal Folds
we call them vocal chords. vibrate faster with helium therefore causing higher voice
29
Larynx Structure
Btwn pharynx and trachea
1) thyroid cartilage
2) vocal folds
3) glottis
4) epiglottis
30
Epiglotis
flap that closes over trachea when swallowing food to guide into esophagus
31
O2 dissolves in water.
does not flow around like bubbles
32
Pulmonary ventilation
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveolar in lungs. Inhalation, breathing
33
External Gas exchange
in LUNGS, as O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood and CO2 diffuses out of blood to be eliminated
34
Internal Gas Excahnge
in TISSUE, as O2 diffused from blood to cells, CO2 from cells to blood
35
Cellular Respiration
cells take O adn use in breakdown of nutrients
36
Respiratory System Structure
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- voice box
- larynx (windpipe, trachea
- lungs
37
Pharynx Structure
- nasopharynx (nose)
- Oropharynx (mouth)
- laryngopharynx (throat)
38
Paranasal sinuses
- resonating chamber for voice
| - lessen skull's weight
39
cricoid cartilage
C rings on trachea
40
stopped in book at
trachea
41
Glottis
space between vocal folds
42
Larangyl carilage include
- epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
43
Vestibular folds
folds in laryngeal muccous membrane, superior to vocal cords
44
Trachea functoin
to conduct air between larynx and lungs
45
larynx
voice box
46
pharynx
throat
47
Hilum
notch or depressoin in lunc where bronchus enters
48
Airways lined with ...
pseudostratified eptithelium (simple columnar but arranged so they look like stratified)
Secrete mucous to trap impurities and drive upward.
49
bronchioles
smallest conducting tubes in bronchial tree
50
terminal brochioles
smallest subdivision of bronchial tree
51
alveoli made of
single layer of squamous epithelium cells
52
300 million alveoli
in human lungs
53
pleura
sac that covers each lung
- parietal, attached to chest wall
- visceral, attached to lunch surface
54
Trachea function & structure
1) conducts air between larynx and lung
2) horseshoe shapes (prevent from collapsing)
3) open at back to allow stretching for big bolus' of food to pass.
55
What is wrapped around brochiole tubes?
web of smooth muscle
56
Trachea divides into 2 primary ?
Bronchi
57
Hilum ?????? CONFIRM THIS
a triangular depression where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. (Where the trachea splits)
58
What type of cells is Brochi made of?
-pseudo-stratified with Cilia (epithelial tissue)
59
Mucus
Noun - glob of mucus on floor
60
Mucous
Adjective - the passage is lined with mucous membrane
61
3 Serous Membranes
1) Pericardium: found within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. Visceral pericardium is also called epicardium
2) Pleura: two pleural cavities (separated by mediastinum) are found within the thoracic cavity
3) Peritoneum: the peritoneal cavity is found within the abdominal & pelvic body cavities
62
Pleura - Parietal layer
outer layer
63
Pleura - Visceral pleura
layer touching organ
64
Pleural Space contains
filled w serous fluid
65
Pleural Effusion
collapse lung due to fluid buildup in pleural space
66
Pneumo Thorax
air buildup in pleural spage
67
Hemo Thorax
blood leaking in pleural space
68
process of Respiration
1) ventilation of lungs
2) exchange of gas (alveoli/blood)
3) transport of gasses in blood (dissolved gasses)
69
phases of Pulmonary ventilation
Inhalation/Exhalation
Inhalation: Active phase (diaphragm contracts, makes room in chest cavity
Exhalation: Passive phase (diapragm back to resting state)
70
Muscles of respiration
Diapragm Intercostals
71
Compliance
ability to expand and decrease well
72
Surfactant
coating on alveoli that prevents them from collapsing due to reducing surface tension
73
Tidal Volume
amount of air we breathe in one in and out breath (~500ml air)
74
Vital Capacity
total lung capacity for O2 (~2500ml)
75
most 02 in blood carried by ?
Hemoglobin
76
CO2 transported by ?
- 10% dissolved in plasma and fluid in RBC, 15% combined w protein of hemoglobin and plasma proteins
- 75% dissolved in blood then converted to Bicarbonate ion
77
CO2 + H2O =
Carbonic Acid
78
What breaks down Carbonic Acid to produce Bicarbonate ion?
Carbonic Anhydrase
79
Tolerable levels of acid in blood
7.35 - 7.45
80
We breath after holding breath for a while in response to ...
high CO2 levels (causing acidity), not due to low O2
81
What part of brain controls respiration?
Medula Oblongata
82
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
83
in patients with COPD, what happens to blood pH
bodies become used to acidic levels (high CO2), so body adjusts and starts to be triggered to breathe by Hypoxia (low O) opposite from a healthy person
84
Chemoreceptors
- Central Chemoreceptors (near medullary respiratory center)
| - Peripheral Chemoreceptors (caratid artery, aorta)
85
Hypopnea
hypoventilation
86
Tachypnea
hyperventilation
87
Dyspnea
short of breath
88
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing laying down. (orthopnic position, head on table)
89
Kussmaul respiration
prolonged exhale in order to breath out more CO2
90
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
aka Agonal breathing . dying people. gasp for air, long exhale
91
Cyanosis
the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen
92
Hypoxia
reduced oxygen content of air or a body, leading to Cyanosis
93
Hypoxemia
low O2 in BLOOD
94
Epistaxis
nose bleed
95
Acute Coryza
Common Cold
96
Asthma
1) inflammation of mucose, more blood flow, more interstitual fluid
2) causes increased mucus production
3) smooth muscle squeezes down to thinner pipe (broncho spasm)
