X A&P - Chp 18 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration
Gas Exchange
Ventilation
air moving in and out (exchange)
bicarbonate ion
result of Carbonic anhydrase reacting with Carbonic acid
carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O, result of increased CO2 levels in blood reacting with water in body to create acidosis.
bronchus
main stem
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Epiglottis
covers trachea when you swallow food to ensure it only goes down the esophogus
hypercapnia
high levels of CO2
hypoxia
low levels of O2
phrenic nerves
stimulates diaphragm
pleura
serous membrane outside the organs?
pneumothorax
collapsed lung. air gets between lung and chest wall and forces lung down
surfectant
chemical to keep alveolus open. prevent them from sticking together if they collapse.
Phases of Respiration
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external respiration (external gas exchange)
3) gas transport in the blood
4) internal respiration (internal gas exchange)
External Respiration
exchange of gasses btwn alveoli and capillaries in lung.
Internal Respiratoin
exchange of gasses btwn body cells and capillaries
How do CO2 and O2 always move?
Diffusion
Pharynx is shared with what system?
GI
Nostrils aka
nares
Larynx aka
voice box
what are rings on Trachea called?
C rings. The are NOT full circles (see pic)
Parietal layer of pleura (fist in balloon) touches organ, what layer faces up
visceral
Pleura
serous membrane that sorounds the lung
What are attached to Terminal Bronchiole
Alveoli
Conchae
ridged body structure in nose, covered with mucous membrane. causes inhaled air to be warmed and moistened.
Pharynx Structure and function
Carries air to respiratory tract and food to digestive system.
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngeal pharynx
Thyroid Cartilage larger in men aka
Adams Apple
Vocal Folds
we call them vocal chords. vibrate faster with helium therefore causing higher voice
Larynx Structure
Btwn pharynx and trachea
1) thyroid cartilage
2) vocal folds
3) glottis
4) epiglottis
Epiglotis
flap that closes over trachea when swallowing food to guide into esophagus
O2 dissolves in water.
does not flow around like bubbles
Pulmonary ventilation
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveolar in lungs. Inhalation, breathing
External Gas exchange
in LUNGS, as O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood and CO2 diffuses out of blood to be eliminated
Internal Gas Excahnge
in TISSUE, as O2 diffused from blood to cells, CO2 from cells to blood
Cellular Respiration
cells take O adn use in breakdown of nutrients
Respiratory System Structure
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- voice box
- larynx (windpipe, trachea
- lungs
Pharynx Structure
- nasopharynx (nose)
- Oropharynx (mouth)
- laryngopharynx (throat)
Paranasal sinuses
- resonating chamber for voice
- lessen skull’s weight
cricoid cartilage
C rings on trachea
stopped in book at
trachea
Glottis
space between vocal folds
Larangyl carilage include
- epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
Vestibular folds
folds in laryngeal muccous membrane, superior to vocal cords
Trachea functoin
to conduct air between larynx and lungs
larynx
voice box
pharynx
throat
Hilum
notch or depressoin in lunc where bronchus enters
Airways lined with …
pseudostratified eptithelium (simple columnar but arranged so they look like stratified)
Secrete mucous to trap impurities and drive upward.
bronchioles
smallest conducting tubes in bronchial tree
terminal brochioles
smallest subdivision of bronchial tree
alveoli made of
single layer of squamous epithelium cells
300 million alveoli
in human lungs
pleura
sac that covers each lung
- parietal, attached to chest wall
- visceral, attached to lunch surface
Trachea function & structure
1) conducts air between larynx and lung
2) horseshoe shapes (prevent from collapsing)
3) open at back to allow stretching for big bolus’ of food to pass.
What is wrapped around brochiole tubes?
web of smooth muscle
Trachea divides into 2 primary ?
Bronchi
Hilum ?????? CONFIRM THIS
a triangular depression where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. (Where the trachea splits)
What type of cells is Brochi made of?
-pseudo-stratified with Cilia (epithelial tissue)
Mucus
Noun - glob of mucus on floor
Mucous
Adjective - the passage is lined with mucous membrane
3 Serous Membranes
1) Pericardium: found within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. Visceral pericardium is also called epicardium
2) Pleura: two pleural cavities (separated by mediastinum) are found within the thoracic cavity
3) Peritoneum: the peritoneal cavity is found within the abdominal & pelvic body cavities
Pleura - Parietal layer
outer layer
Pleura - Visceral pleura
layer touching organ
Pleural Space contains
filled w serous fluid
Pleural Effusion
collapse lung due to fluid buildup in pleural space
Pneumo Thorax
air buildup in pleural spage
Hemo Thorax
blood leaking in pleural space
process of Respiration
1) ventilation of lungs
2) exchange of gas (alveoli/blood)
3) transport of gasses in blood (dissolved gasses)
phases of Pulmonary ventilation
Inhalation/Exhalation
Inhalation: Active phase (diaphragm contracts, makes room in chest cavity
Exhalation: Passive phase (diapragm back to resting state)
Muscles of respiration
Diapragm Intercostals
Compliance
ability to expand and decrease well
Surfactant
coating on alveoli that prevents them from collapsing due to reducing surface tension
Tidal Volume
amount of air we breathe in one in and out breath (~500ml air)
Vital Capacity
total lung capacity for O2 (~2500ml)
most 02 in blood carried by ?
Hemoglobin
CO2 transported by ?
- 10% dissolved in plasma and fluid in RBC, 15% combined w protein of hemoglobin and plasma proteins
- 75% dissolved in blood then converted to Bicarbonate ion
CO2 + H2O =
Carbonic Acid
What breaks down Carbonic Acid to produce Bicarbonate ion?
Carbonic Anhydrase
Tolerable levels of acid in blood
7.35 - 7.45
We breath after holding breath for a while in response to …
high CO2 levels (causing acidity), not due to low O2
What part of brain controls respiration?
Medula Oblongata
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
in patients with COPD, what happens to blood pH
bodies become used to acidic levels (high CO2), so body adjusts and starts to be triggered to breathe by Hypoxia (low O) opposite from a healthy person
Chemoreceptors
- Central Chemoreceptors (near medullary respiratory center)
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors (caratid artery, aorta)
Hypopnea
hypoventilation
Tachypnea
hyperventilation
Dyspnea
short of breath
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing laying down. (orthopnic position, head on table)
Kussmaul respiration
prolonged exhale in order to breath out more CO2
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
aka Agonal breathing . dying people. gasp for air, long exhale
Cyanosis
the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen
Hypoxia
reduced oxygen content of air or a body, leading to Cyanosis
Hypoxemia
low O2 in BLOOD
Epistaxis
nose bleed
Acute Coryza
Common Cold
Asthma
1) inflammation of mucose, more blood flow, more interstitual fluid
2) causes increased mucus production
3) smooth muscle squeezes down to thinner pipe (broncho spasm)
