x A&P - Ch 2, chem, matter and life Flashcards
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Acid
A chemical substance capable of donating a H ion to another substance.
HCL = H+ + Cl-
Amino Acid
Proteins are composed of Monomers called amino acids.
Combine to make other proteins
They contain acid group,COOH and an Amino group, NH2
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Aqueous
A solution in which water is the solvent.
Glucose , salts ( used intravenously )
atom
Smallest form of matter
base
Chemical substance containing a OH ion that readily accepts a H.
Base
NaOH = Na+ and H2O
buffer
Chemical buffers maintain constant neutral ph of a compound. Prevents sharp changes is H ions
carbohydrate
Building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars)
catalyst
Enzyme to increase the speed of a chemical reaction. Temporarily. Gets used up in process. Very small amounts needed.
cation
Positively charged ion
chemistry
The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter.
colloid
Molecules do not dissolve but remain evenly distributed in the suspending material
compound
molecule of two different substances combined held together by ionic or covalent bonds
denaturation
The alteration of a protein so that it can no longer function. Destroys cells
electrolyte
- ionic bond dissolved in water
- Compound formed by ionic bonds that release ions when dissolved in water
electron
Orbit in the nucleus
Negatively charged
element
The unique substances that make up matters
enzyme
Proteins essential for metabolism. Act as catalysts for hundreds on human processes. Enzymes act on certain substrates so many are necessary for many body functions
glucose
ATP. The body’s fuel, crated by mitochondria
glycogen
Storage form of glucose found in liver and skeletal muscle cells
ion
An atom or group of atoms that has acquired a negative or positive charge
isotope
The several forms that elements can exist in. Various atomic weights for same element
lipid
Class or organic compounds not soluble in water. Usually found in fat cells
molecule
Group of atoms bonded together. Smallest form of an elemen
nucleotide
Organic compound made of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and one or more phosphate groups.
ATP is a nucleotide
neutron
Neutral particles found in nucleus of atoms
pH
The measure of acidity or alkalinity scale.
protein
Organic compound made of one or more chain of amino acids. Essential to all living things. Provides structure, food
proton
Positively charged electronic particle
?radioactive
When a substance has many unstable elections on valence level that are easily removed popping off free radicals
salt
Electrolyte in water produces salt
solute
The substance (salt, sugar) which is dissolved into the solvent (liquid)
solution
The mixture of solute in solvent
solvent
A substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution
steroid
Organic compound made of 4 rings of C. (Hormones, alkaloids, vitamins)
substrate
A substance that an enzyme catalyzes reaction of
suspension
Heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles.
valence
Outermost level of atom
Matter
what everything is made of
C, H, O, N, Fe
what we are mostly made of
ATP
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Energy created from breakdown of nutrients
Free Radicals
valence e (electrons) popping of and flying through you. unstable. items with lots of e flying off is radioactive.
Alkali
A base
NaOH
Has OH io
Acid plus Base
Salt and water
HCL + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
Ionic Bonds
Electrons may be transferred between atoms
Covalent Bonds
Electrons may be shared between atoms
NaCl is an electrolyte
+ H2O
Na+ and Cl- ions
Both electrolytes
Mixture
Blend of 2 or more chemicals, elements or ions.
Solution
Suspension
Colloid
Blood
Solution
Suspension-plasma
Colloid-cells
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
How fast blood takes to separate
Importance of H2O
We are 80% water
Skin turgid
Skin is turgid
Hydrated
Skin Turgor
Dehydration
Acid + Base
Salt
Normal body fluid pH
7.35-7.45 pH
Distiller water pH
pH 7 - neutral
Buffer
Chemical that prevent sharp changes in H+
PET scan looks at
Most metabolically active
Isotopes
Forms of an element that have the same atomic # but different atomic weight.
C,H,O,N
96% of body weight
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Disaccharide (2 monosaccharides linked)
Sucrose, Lactose
Polysaccharide (many polysaccharides linked)
Glycogen, starch
Lipids (fats)
Triglycerides (simple fat composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
Phospholipids (complex lipids containing phosphorous )
Steroids ( contain rings of carbon atoms )
Phospholipids
Every cell membrane
Phospholipid bi layer
Proteins
Contain nitrogen (sometimes sulphur, phosphorous)
Structural material
Chain of amino acids w peptide bonds.
Folded 3d shape
Protein shapes
Pleated
Coiled
Folded ( hemoglobin )
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze a reaction Work on specific substrate Not used up or changed after reaction Work via lock-n-key machinism Denature in harsh conditions
Nucleotides
Building blocks of DNA, RNA
One type is component of ATP
Made of: nitrogenous base, a sugar, a phosphate group
N
Nitrogen
-present in all proteins, ATP and DNA/RNA
Ca
Calcium
- builds bones, teeth
- needed for muscle contraction
- nerve impulse conduction
- blood clotting
P
Phospherous
- active ingredient in ATP
- builds bone, teeth
- in cell membranes and nucleic acid
K
Potassium
- nerve impulse conduction
- muscle contraction
- water balance
- acid/base balance
Na
Sodium
- active in water balance
- nerve impulse conduction
- muscle contraction
Cl
Chlorine
- in stomach acid
- active in water balance
- acid/base balance