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Nursing, LPN, Year 1 > X A&P - Chp 8 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

X A&P - Chp 8 - The Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of Muscle

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • walls of hollow body organs
  • contracts involuntarily
  • produces peristalsis
  • can regulate diameter of an opening
  • tapered at end
  • single central nucleus
  • no striations
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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • hearts wall
  • creates pulsing action of heart
  • Striated
  • one nucleus per cell
  • branching interconnections
  • electric impulse travel rapidly through them
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4
Q

Intercalated discs

A

membrane between cardiac muscle cells (show as dark lines) allow electric impulses

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • appear heavily striated
  • long and cylindrical cells
  • multiple nuclei per cell
  • attached to bone and produce movement at joints
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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle ? % of body weight

A

40%

largest amount of body’s muscle tissue

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7
Q

Primary functions of skeletal muscles

A
  • movement of skeleton
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Generation of heat (shivering)
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8
Q

Fascilcles

A

bunch of muscle fibers

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9
Q

Endomysium

A

connective tissue around individual fibers in fascicles

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10
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue encasing each fascicle

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11
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue encasing entire muscle

innermost layer of the Deep Fascia

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12
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

point where nerve contacts muscle cell

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13
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a nuerotransmitter

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14
Q

Motor end plate

A

muscle cell’s receiving membrane

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15
Q

?????

A

Difference btwn Motor end plate and Neuromuscular Junction

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

spreading wave of electric current.

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17
Q

Contractility

A

muscle fiber’s capacity to undergo shortening, becoming thicker.

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18
Q

Proteins that make up muscle fiber

A

Actin - thin and light

Myosin - thick and dark

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19
Q

Sarcomere

A

contracting sub-unit of skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What triggers Myosin heads to move?

A

ATP

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20
Q

What needed to allow crossbridge to form between actin and myosin

A

Calcium

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21
Q

Calcium stored where

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

Troponin and Tropomyosin cover sites on actin where cross bridges form until

A

Calcium attaches to troponin and they move aside allowing access to bonding sties

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23
Q

Calcium released into cytoplasm when

A

muscle is stimulated by nerve cell

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24
Q

Steps of muscle contraction

A

1) ACh released from nueron to synaptic cleft at NMJ
2) ACh binds to muscles motor end plate and produces action potential
3) Action Potential travels to SReticulum
4) SR releases Ca into cytoplasm
5) Ca shifts troponin and tropomyosin so binding sites on actin are exposed
6) Myosin heads bond to Actin forming cross-bridges
7) using stored energy, Myosin heads pull filaments together within sarcomere (cell shortens)
8) New ATP is used to detach myosin heads and move back for another stroke
9) Muscle relaxes when stimulation ends and Ca pumped back into SR.

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25
Q

Myoglobin

A

stores O2 in muscles, similar to hemoglobin in blood

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26
Q

Glocogen

A

storage form of glucose

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27
Q

Types of Muscle Contractions

A

Isotonic

Isometric

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28
Q

Isotonic contractoin

A

tension remains the same

movement

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29
Q

Isometretic

A

no movement

increase in tension

30
Q

Tendon joins

A

Muscle to Bone (achilles tendon)

31
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to Bone

32
Q

Agonist

A

muscle to performs movemetn

33
Q

Antagonist

A

muscle that produces the opposite movement to the Agonist

34
Q

Synergists

A

helping muscles. work w Agonist to complete movement

35
Q

Muscular Disorders

A

Spasm
Cramps
Atrophy

37
Q

Muscular Injuries

A

Strains

Sprains

38
Q

Purpose of Bones

A
  • Blood formation
  • Protection
  • store minerals (Ca)
39
Q

Where Marrow is made when young

A

Spongy Bone

40
Q

Where marrow made in adults

A

in flat bones of skull, sternum, Ilium crest, ribs

41
Q

Hematophoesis

A

Creation of blood

42
Q

Types of muscles

A
  • smooth
  • cardiac
  • skeletal
43
Q

Smooth muscle

see pic

A
  • Involuntary
  • tapered cells
  • single nucleus
  • no striations

Stimulated by nerve impulse, hormones, stretching

stomach, intestines, gut, arteries, uterus, stomach, respiratory passage, blood vessels

Can dilate and constrict veins

44
Q

Cardiac Muscle (see pic)

A
  • branching interconnections (allow electric impulse to travel)
  • single nucleus
  • striated
  • membranes are interkolated discs
  • involuntary
45
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • attached to bone, muscles or skin
  • voluntary
  • long, cylindrical
  • multiple nuclei per cell
  • Heavily striated

Diaphragm only skeletal muscle under Involuntary control

46
Q

When is Skeletal muscle involuntary

A

Shivering
Spasm/Twitches
Seizure

47
Q

Myofibrils

A

Actin - thin, light

Myosin - thick, dark

48
Q

Propreoception

A

muscle memory

49
Q

Skeletal Muscle functions

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • heat generation
50
Q

Tendons

A

Muscle to bone

51
Q

Ligament

A

bone to bone

52
Q

Motor Unis

A

single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

53
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A

where neuron meets muscle. whole setup of axon, muscle, synapse

54
Q

Motor Endplate

A

area on muscle where muscle receives electric current

55
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

Neurotransmitter which stimulates all skeletal muscle to move

56
Q

Excitability

A

any muscle that has an action potential

nervous and muscle tissue only

57
Q

How does muscle contract

A

calcium released and Myosin pulls actin towards itself.

58
Q

Role of Calcium

A
  • released when nerve fiber stimulates muscle cell
  • attaches to proteins blocking receptor sites
  • allows cross-bridge to form btwn Actin/Myosin
  • returns to Sarcoplasmin reticulum
59
Q

Energy Sources

A
  • oxygen

- Glucose

60
Q

Compounds in muscle that store

A

Myoglobin - oxygen
Glocogen - ready source of glucose. (stored in liver/muscle)
Creatine Phosphate - Phosphorus

61
Q

Need Phosphorous to make ATP

A

Muscles have creatine phosphate to supply the phospherous

62
Q

Benefits of Excercise

A
  • improved balance, joint flex
  • increase muscle size (burns more calories in resting)
  • strengthened heart muscle
  • Improved breathing
  • weight control
  • stronger bones
63
Q

Types of Muscle Contractions

A

ISOTONIC - weight lifting
no change in tension
muscle length shortens
movement

ISOMETRIC- keigels
change in tension
muscle length unchanged
no movement

64
Q

Origin

A

muscle attached to fixed part of skeleton

65
Q

Insertion

A

muscle attached to more movable part of skeleton

66
Q

Muscles

Rectus
Obliques

A

Rectus - straight lines

Oblique - diagonal

67
Q

Number of attachment points

A

Biceps - 2

Triceps - 3

68
Q

Muscle Actions

A

flexors, levators, erector,

69
Q

Calve Muscles

A

Gastrocnemus

attached to Achilles tendon

70
Q

signs of DVT

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

warmth, redness, tenderness

71
Q

Vastu Lateralus

A

side thigh

72
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

front thigh

73
Q

Injection Sites

A 
Deltoid
Rectus Femoris 
vastus lateralis (side thigh)
ventrogluteal or gluteus medius
dorsogluteal muscle
74
Q

2 holes on top of diapragm

A

Hiatus

Esophogus and Aorta/Venacava

Nursing, LPN, Year 1 (44 decks)

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