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Nursing, LPN, Year 1 > X A&P - Chp 8 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

X A&P - Chp 8 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of Muscle

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • walls of hollow body organs
  • contracts involuntarily
  • produces peristalsis
  • can regulate diameter of an opening
  • tapered at end
  • single central nucleus
  • no striations
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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • hearts wall
  • creates pulsing action of heart
  • Striated
  • one nucleus per cell
  • branching interconnections
  • electric impulse travel rapidly through them
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4
Q

Intercalated discs

A

membrane between cardiac muscle cells (show as dark lines) allow electric impulses

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • appear heavily striated
  • long and cylindrical cells
  • multiple nuclei per cell
  • attached to bone and produce movement at joints
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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle ? % of body weight

A

40%

largest amount of body’s muscle tissue

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7
Q

Primary functions of skeletal muscles

A
  • movement of skeleton
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Generation of heat (shivering)
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8
Q

Fascilcles

A

bunch of muscle fibers

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9
Q

Endomysium

A

connective tissue around individual fibers in fascicles

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10
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue encasing each fascicle

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11
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue encasing entire muscle

innermost layer of the Deep Fascia

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12
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

point where nerve contacts muscle cell

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13
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a nuerotransmitter

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14
Q

Motor end plate

A

muscle cell’s receiving membrane

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15
Q

?????

A

Difference btwn Motor end plate and Neuromuscular Junction

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

spreading wave of electric current.

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17
Q

Contractility

A

muscle fiber’s capacity to undergo shortening, becoming thicker.

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18
Q

Proteins that make up muscle fiber

A

Actin - thin and light

Myosin - thick and dark

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19
Q

Sarcomere

A

contracting sub-unit of skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What triggers Myosin heads to move?

A

ATP

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20
Q

What needed to allow crossbridge to form between actin and myosin

A

Calcium

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21
Q

Calcium stored where

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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22
Q

Troponin and Tropomyosin cover sites on actin where cross bridges form until

A

Calcium attaches to troponin and they move aside allowing access to bonding sties

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23
Q

Calcium released into cytoplasm when

A

muscle is stimulated by nerve cell

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24
Steps of muscle contraction
1) ACh released from nueron to synaptic cleft at NMJ 2) ACh binds to muscles motor end plate and produces action potential 3) Action Potential travels to SReticulum 4) SR releases Ca into cytoplasm 5) Ca shifts troponin and tropomyosin so binding sites on actin are exposed 6) Myosin heads bond to Actin forming cross-bridges 7) using stored energy, Myosin heads pull filaments together within sarcomere (cell shortens) 8) New ATP is used to detach myosin heads and move back for another stroke 9) Muscle relaxes when stimulation ends and Ca pumped back into SR.
25
Myoglobin
stores O2 in muscles, similar to hemoglobin in blood
26
Glocogen
storage form of glucose
27
Types of Muscle Contractions
Isotonic | Isometric
28
Isotonic contractoin
tension remains the same | movement
29
Isometretic
no movement | increase in tension
30
Tendon joins
Muscle to Bone (achilles tendon)
31
Ligament
Bone to Bone
32
Agonist
muscle to performs movemetn
33
Antagonist
muscle that produces the opposite movement to the Agonist
34
Synergists
helping muscles. work w Agonist to complete movement
35
Muscular Disorders
Spasm Cramps Atrophy
37
Muscular Injuries
Strains | Sprains
38
Purpose of Bones
- Blood formation - Protection - store minerals (Ca)
39
Where Marrow is made when young
Spongy Bone
40
Where marrow made in adults
in flat bones of skull, sternum, Ilium crest, ribs
41
Hematophoesis
Creation of blood
42
Types of muscles
- smooth - cardiac - skeletal
43
Smooth muscle | see pic
- Involuntary - tapered cells - single nucleus - no striations Stimulated by nerve impulse, hormones, stretching stomach, intestines, gut, arteries, uterus, stomach, respiratory passage, blood vessels Can dilate and constrict veins
44
Cardiac Muscle (see pic)
- branching interconnections (allow electric impulse to travel) - single nucleus - striated - membranes are interkolated discs - involuntary
45
Skeletal Muscle
- attached to bone, muscles or skin - voluntary - long, cylindrical - multiple nuclei per cell - Heavily striated Diaphragm only skeletal muscle under Involuntary control
46
When is Skeletal muscle involuntary
Shivering Spasm/Twitches Seizure
47
Myofibrils
Actin - thin, light | Myosin - thick, dark
48
Propreoception
muscle memory
49
Skeletal Muscle functions
- movement - posture - heat generation
50
Tendons
Muscle to bone
51
Ligament
bone to bone
52
Motor Unis
single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
53
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
where neuron meets muscle. whole setup of axon, muscle, synapse
54
Motor Endplate
area on muscle where muscle receives electric current
55
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Neurotransmitter which stimulates all skeletal muscle to move
56
Excitability
any muscle that has an action potential nervous and muscle tissue only
57
How does muscle contract
calcium released and Myosin pulls actin towards itself.
58
Role of Calcium
- released when nerve fiber stimulates muscle cell - attaches to proteins blocking receptor sites - allows cross-bridge to form btwn Actin/Myosin - returns to Sarcoplasmin reticulum
59
Energy Sources
- oxygen | - Glucose
60
Compounds in muscle that store
Myoglobin - oxygen Glocogen - ready source of glucose. (stored in liver/muscle) Creatine Phosphate - Phosphorus
61
Need Phosphorous to make ATP
Muscles have creatine phosphate to supply the phospherous
62
Benefits of Excercise
- improved balance, joint flex - increase muscle size (burns more calories in resting) - strengthened heart muscle - Improved breathing - weight control - stronger bones
63
Types of Muscle Contractions
ISOTONIC - weight lifting no change in tension muscle length shortens movement ISOMETRIC- keigels change in tension muscle length unchanged no movement
64
Origin
muscle attached to fixed part of skeleton
65
Insertion
muscle attached to more movable part of skeleton
66
Muscles Rectus Obliques
Rectus - straight lines | Oblique - diagonal
67
Number of attachment points
Biceps - 2 | Triceps - 3
68
Muscle Actions
flexors, levators, erector,
69
Calve Muscles
Gastrocnemus attached to Achilles tendon
70
signs of DVT | Deep Vein Thrombosis
warmth, redness, tenderness
71
Vastu Lateralus
side thigh
72
Rectus Femoris
front thigh
73
Injection Sites
``` Deltoid Rectus Femoris vastus lateralis (side thigh) ventrogluteal or gluteus medius dorsogluteal muscle ```
74
2 holes on top of diapragm
Hiatus Esophogus and Aorta/Venacava

Nursing, LPN, Year 1 (44 decks)

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