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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > What is Cancer? > Flashcards

What is Cancer? Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer occurs as a result of?

A

Unregulated cell growth

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2
Q

Name the three type of cancer cells.

A

Epithelial cells
Mesoderm cells
Glandular cells

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3
Q

Describe epithelial cells.

A

Squamous (flat)
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- 85% of cancers

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4
Q

What do mesoderm cells form?

A

Blood vessels and connective tissue.

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5
Q

Describe glandular cells.

A

-Organised secretory epithelial cells

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6
Q

Which group of cells are carcinomas?

A

Epithelial cells.

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7
Q

Which group of cells are adenicarcomas?

A

Glandular cells.

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8
Q

Which group of cells are sarcomas?

A

Mesoderm cells.

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9
Q

Where do you find epithelial cells?

A

They line body surfaces

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10
Q

Where do you find mesoderm cells?

A

Sandwiched between the ectoderm and endoderm cells.

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11
Q

Name the two type of glandular cells.

A

Exocrine
Endocrine

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12
Q

Describe exocrine glandular cells.

A

Form ducts like sweat glands or breast tissue

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13
Q

Describe endocrine glandular cells.

A

Do not have ducts.

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14
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete substances?

A

Released direcetly into the bloodstream.

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15
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete substances?

A

Released directly into the bloodstream.

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16
Q

Give examples of endocrine glandular cells.

A

Ovary, testes, pancreas.

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17
Q

What is sustaining proliferative signalling/ growth signal autonomy?

A

Lack of regulation of growth factor signalling.

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18
Q

What do normal cells require in order to divide?

A

External growth signal.

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19
Q

What do cancer cells bypass which ultimately leads to this unregulated growth?

A

Bypass normal growth factor pathways.

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20
Q

How does unregulated cell growth occur?

A

Due to a mutation which allows the self production of growth factors.

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21
Q

What do inhibitory growth signals do?

A

Maintain homeostasis within the tissue
-This means cells do not continuously divide.

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22
Q

Define gene silencing

A

Interruption or suppression of gene expression at the trancriptional or tranlastonal level.

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23
Q

How do cancer cells evade inhibitory growth signals?

A

They ignore them because of acquired mutation and gene silencing.

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24
Q

Which system and recognise and remove cancer cells?

A

The immune system.

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25
Q

How do cancer cells avoid detection?

A

They adapt there mechanisms and don’t initiate a cell response.
This is done by hijacking immune checkpoints and modulate their immune response via STING.

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26
Q

What is STING?

A

Stimulator and interferon genes,
->signalling molecule which controls transcription.

27
Q

Define immune checkpoint.

A

Built in control mechanisms that maintain self tolerance during an immune response.

28
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Counting device which monitor and adjust the number of cells doubling.

29
Q

What does unlimited replication potential mean?

A

Cancer cells maintain their telomere length which means replication overdrive begins.

30
Q

What happens to chromosomes after every round of DNA replication?

How is this different to cancer cells?

A

Chromosome shortens.

->Cancer cells maintain their telomere length.

31
Q

What do inflammatory cells provide?

A

Growth factors which promote angiogenesis and invasion.

32
Q

Define angiogenesis.

A

The development of new blood vessels.

33
Q

What are the blood vessels used for by cancer cells?

A

Used to provide for the growing cancer,

34
Q

Cell death by what gives rise to inflammation#?

A

Cell death by necrosis.

35
Q

What do necrotic cells release?

A

Regulatory factors IL-1

36
Q

What can in inflammatory cells release?

A

Radical oxygen species which give rise to mutations.

37
Q

Name one ability cancer cells have.

A

The ability to migrate to other parts of the body.

38
Q

What is a major cause of death in cancer?

A

Formation of metastasis

39
Q

What may mutations within the genome effect?

A

The enzymes involved in cell-cell adhesion.

40
Q

What do blood vessels provide cancer cells with?

A

Supply of oxygen and nurtients

41
Q

Why do blood vessels let tumour cells escape?

A

They are more friable (Said of tissue that readily tears, fragments, or bleeds when gently palpated or manipulated) than other cells.

42
Q

What can lead to genomic instability?

A

Alterations in DNA

43
Q

What may contribute to the development of DNA mutations?

A

Faulty DNA repair pathways
Hereditary predisposition (increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup)

44
Q

What abnormalities may a cancer cell have?

A

Single point mutations to large chromosomal abnormalities, like deletion or translocation.

45
Q

Why is cancer more prominent in the ageing population?

A

Accumulation of mutations over a period of time.

46
Q

What may trigger cell death in normal cells?

A

Environmental factors or physical damage.

47
Q

How do cancer cells evade cell death?

A

As a result of mutations within the apoptosis pathway.

48
Q

Name two physical conditions in which cell death can occur.

A

Menstruation, embryogenesis.

49
Q

Name one pathological condition in which cell death can occur.

A

DNA damage.

50
Q

Mutations in whcih family allow cancer cells to go through the body unchecked?

A

A mutation in the caspase family as they usually cause DNA damage so do not need checked.

51
Q

What does deregulating cell energetics mean?

A

Reprogramming energy metabolism.

52
Q

How is aerobic glycolysis used by cancer cells?

A

To redirect energy allowing the cancer cells to grow and fuel cell division.

53
Q

What is PET scanning?

A

The tracking of cancer cells within the body using FDG (glucose analogue).

54
Q

What mutations are common and become required?

A

Somatic mutaions.

55
Q

Which mutations are hereditary?>

A

Germline mutations

56
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Mutated gene which gives rise to the formation of a tumour in a dominant fashion.

57
Q

What is a tumour suppression gene>?

A

Gene which inhibits tumour formation.

58
Q

Can mutations occur within tumour suppression egens?

A

Yes- they are often recessive.

59
Q

For the cell cycle-
Define G0

A

Resting phase

60
Q

For the cell cycle-
Define G1

A

Cells grow larger and copy organelles.

61
Q

For the cell cycle-
Define S

A

Cells make a complete copy of DNA

62
Q

For the cell cycle-
Define G2

A

Further cell growth

63
Q

What is cancerFor the cell cycle-
Define M

A

Four stages of mitosis

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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