Tumour Pathology 2- updated cards Flashcards
Describe the behaviour of normal cells.
Replicate when required
Stick together and stay put
Specialise to a specific role
Die when instructed
Describe the behaviour of cancer cells.
Unregulated growth
Loss of cohesion
Immaturity
Immortality
How do cancer cells avoid immune destruction?
They don’t present antigens on their surface
How do cancer cells enable replicative immortality?
Avoid the usual cellular mechanisms for senescence
Telomeres
What causes cancer cells to activate invasion and metastasis?
Loss of cell-to-cell cohesion
Loss of cell-to-matrix cohesion
How do cancer cells induce angiogenesis?
Perhaps by secreting molecules to induces angiogenesis
How can cancer cells deregulate cellular energetics?
Instead of aerobic metabolism, “Aerobic glycolysis” can occur
This is much less efficient and requires more glucose for the same amount of ATP production.
How do cancer cells sustain proliferative signalling?
Constitutive activation of growth factor mechanisms
Which process do cancer cells need to evade in order to evade growth suppressors?
Evade negative feedback
Why might a cell accumulate many different mutations?
Mismatch repair protein deficiency
What does angiogenesis mean?
Formation of new blood vessels.
What do oncogenes do?
Stimulate the cell cycle or prevent cell death
List four ways in which cancer can spread.
Local spread
Lymphatic spread
Haematogenous spread
Trans-coelomic spread
What type of tissue do cancer cells need to invade in order to be spread via lymphatics?
Connective tissue
Describe what happens during trans-coelomic spread.
Spreads through a body cavity- either by the pleural surface or peritoneal surface
