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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > Introduction to Fungi. > Flashcards

Introduction to Fungi. Flashcards

1
Q

What types of life can fungi infect?

A

Plants, insects, amphibians and mammals

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2
Q

What is a fungus?

A

A chemo-organotrophic eukaryote that lacks chlorophyll and forms spores.

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3
Q

Describe the cell wall of a fungus.

A

Its cell wall contains polysaccharides, often chitin or glucan, and it absorbs nutrients.

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4
Q

What is the major sterol of the cell membrane of a fungues?

A

Ergosterol

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5
Q

What is classification of a fungi based on?

A

Their morphology.

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6
Q

Informally, what do we refer to as the three main types of fungi?

A

Mould, yeast or mushrooms.

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7
Q

Name the three major types of fungi.

A

Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes.

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8
Q

How are Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Zygomycete calssifed?

A

Depending on which sexual spore they produce.

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9
Q

What can all three of Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes cause?

A

Disease in humans

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10
Q

Name one type of Zygomycetes.

A

Mucor Rhizopus

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11
Q

Name one type of Basidiomytes.

A

Cryptococcus

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12
Q

Name one type of Ascomycetes.

A

Candida Histoplasma

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13
Q

Name two non-fatal diseases caused by fungi.

A

Athlete’s foot
Thrush

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14
Q

Which species caused Athlete’s Foot?

A

Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton spp.

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15
Q

Which species causes thrush?

A

Candida spp.

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16
Q

What is the main dermatophyte virulence factor of fungi?

A

Enzyme(s) that degrade and utilize keratin as a nutrient source

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17
Q

What is Dermatophytosis?

A

Ringworm

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18
Q

What causes Dermatophytosis
?

A

Epidermophyton
Microsporum
Trichophyton spp

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19
Q

What can Malassezia species cause?

A

Superficial infections in susceptible skin
Wide range of infections in immunocompromised (AIDS, transplant) and premature neonates

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20
Q

What is the Malassezia species?

A

Frequent colonisers of healthy skin, especially sebum-rich areas

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21
Q

What encourages growth of fungi?

A

Microenvironments.

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22
Q

What kind of environment encourages growth of fungi?

A

Warm and moist.

23
Q

Whereabouts on the body might fungi grow?

A

Skin or mucous membranes.

24
Q

Name another factor which can contribute to infection.

A

Use of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.

This is because broad-spectrum antibacterial agents reduce competition for epithelial colonization sites in the gut

25
Q

Immunosuppression can also increase fungi. Name the two types of immunosuppressant and give examples.

A

Iatrogenic: steroids
anti-cancer chemotherapy
solid-organ transplantation
Disease processes:
AIDS
leukaemia
endocrinopathies

->can be a combo of both types

26
Q

Name some species of Candida infections.

A

Candida auris
Candida albicans
Candida tropicalis

27
Q

Namediseases/infecions caused by Candida bacteria in humsnas.

A

Vaginal infection.
Skin infection.
Oral infection
Nail infection
UTI’s
Oesophagal infection

28
Q

Candida species are what type of organisms?

A

Yeast

29
Q

What can Candida albicans

A

Hyphae

30
Q

Name the two catergories of Candida infection.

A

Superficial
Deep seated

31
Q

give examples of superficial Candida infections.

A

Infections of the-
mouth, skin, nails, penis and vagina.

32
Q

Give examples of deep seated infections caused by Candida.

A

Dissempitated infectios in seriously immunocompromised hosts e.g. neotropenia, abdominal surgery, major burns.

33
Q

In which individuals can Chronic mucocutaneous Candida infection arise in?

A

Individuals with an unusual combination of endocrine and immune dysfunction

34
Q

Aspergillosis is another type of infection caused by fungus.

Name some of the causative species

Honestly idk how many names we are expected to remember, maybe shoudl ask

A

Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus nidulans (in CGD patients)
Aspergillus lentulus

35
Q

Name one disease caused by Aspergillosis.

A

Simple asthma

36
Q

What is the route of infection for Aspergillosis?

A

Inhalation of conidia

37
Q

What is Cryptococcosis caused by?

A

Caused by yeast w a capsule.

38
Q

What are the main causative species of Cryptococcosis?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus gattii

39
Q

What disease does Cryptococcus neoformans cause?

A

pulmonary cryptococcosis (rare lung infection).

40
Q

What disease is caused by Cryptococcus gattii?

A

Meningitis (particularly in AIDS patients)

41
Q

If you have a weak immune response, what’s the strength of the host action?

A

High

42
Q

What can happen if your body provides too strong an immune response?

A

Hyperinflammation. Tissues may get damaged.

43
Q

Why do people develop Systemic candidosis or Acute invasive Aspergillosis?

A

They have too weak of an immune response.

44
Q

Why do people develop Recurrent Candida vaginitis/Dermatophytosis?

A

They have too strong an immune response.

45
Q

Name some diagnostic techniques which can be helpful in diagnosing fungal based infections.

A

Direct detection (histopathology, high-res CT scans)
PCR to detect fungal DNA

46
Q

How can you diagnose skin infection?

A

Can take skin scraping and treat with potassium hydroxide to visualise the fungal bacterial elements which are resistant to hydrogen peroxide treatment.

47
Q

What staining can be used in diagnosis regarding a direct smear?

A

PAS staining

48
Q

Name a fluorescent stain which is specific to fungi.

A

Calcofluor White stain

49
Q

Name the life saving antifungal which targets sterols.

A

Triazoles or allylamines

50
Q

Name the life saving antifungal which targets cell wall

A

Echinocandins

51
Q

Name the life saving antifungal which targets membrane

A

Polyenes

52
Q

Name the life saving antifungal which targets DNA synthesis

A

Flucytosine

53
Q

List some problems with antifungals.

A

Spectrum of activity
Static or cidal
IV vs oral
Toxicity
Resistance
Cost

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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