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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define chronic inflmmation.

A

Chronic inflammation is also referred to asslow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years

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2
Q

Discuss the cell types which are most common regarding chronic inflammation.

A

Inflammation in which the cell population is especially:
-lymphocytes
-plasma cells
-macrophages

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3
Q

What happens to tissues and organs when there is chronic inflammation

A

Become necrotic leading to loss of function.

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4
Q

What does chronic inflammation carry on from?

A

Acute inflammation.

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5
Q

Does there always need to be acute inflammtation for chronic inflammtion to take place?

A

No.

oten arises itself.

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6
Q

Discuss two areas of healing/repair.

A

granulation tissue
scarring and fibrosis

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7
Q

When do we see chronic inflammation?

A

Arising from acute inflammation or arising as a primary lesion

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8
Q

Discuss the clinical presentation of chronic inflammation.

A

-often no specific “sore bit”
-malaise and weight loss
-loss of function

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9
Q

What is a charecteristic of organization?

A

Granulation tissue.

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10
Q

Define angiogenesis.

A

New vessel formation.

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11
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) released by hypoxic cells stimulates proliferation

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12
Q

Whereabouts can we see angiogenesis?

A

-Angiogenesis and organsiation in thrombus
-Angiogenesis in mlaigant tumours
-Fibrosis and scarring in atheroscelorsis.

Learn more in later lectures so this should be enough?

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13
Q

Describe the mechanism of granulation tissue.

A

Capillaries grow into inflammatory mass allowing access of plasma proteins.
Macrophages from blood and tissue
fibroblasts lay down collagen to repair damaged tissue and collagen replaces inflammatory exudate.

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14
Q

Describe the function of granulation tissue.

A

Patches tissue defects.
Relaces dead or necrotic tissue.
Contracts and pulls together.

Helps to restore normal function.

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15
Q

name the products of granulation tissue.

A

-fibrous tissue - scar e.g small firm blemish on skin
-fibrosis as a problem->adhesions between loops of bowel following peritonitis
-chronic inflammation

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16
Q

name the most common type of chronic inflammation.

A

Autoimmune disease

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17
Q

What happens in autoimmune disease?

A

Autoantibodies direceted against own cll and tissue components. Can destroy tissues, organs, cells, cell components.

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18
Q

What can cause primary chronic inflammation?

A

-Material resistant to digestion (mycobacertia, viruses etc. Cell wall resistant to enzymes).
-Exogeneous substances
-Endogeneous substances
-Granulation Inflammation common

19
Q

Give examples of exogenous substances.

A

Sutures, metal and plastic joint replaceens mineral crystals, glass.

20
Q

Give examples of endogenous substances.

A

-Necrotic tissue, keratin, hair

These substances cannot easily be phagocytosed

21
Q

Discuss and describe lymphocytes.

A

-Cells that are part of immune system
-Small round cells with lots of subtypes and functions
-Main types of lymphocyte=
T-cell
B-cell
-Main functions=
immune response
immune memory

22
Q

Descibe plasma cells.

A

Differentiated B-cell
Antibody production
Intermediate size

23
Q

Describe the mechanisms of B cells.

A

Differentiate to plasma cells
Facilitate immune responsea
Act with macrophagea
Immune memory

24
Q

Describe T cell mechanisms.

A

T-cells produce cytokines
T-cells produce interferons
Damage and kill (lyse) other cells and destroy antigen

25
Q

What do netural killer cells do?

A

NK cell destroy antigens and cells

26
Q

Describe macrophages.

A

Removes debris
Role in immune system - antigen presenting cell
Found in bone marrow, blood tissues

27
Q

Discuss the mechanisms of macrophages.

A

Motile phagocyte move from blood
Long lived
Take over from neutrophils
Contain enzymes eg lysozyme
Produce interferons and other chemicals using destroy, influence process

28
Q

DISCUSS FIBROBLASTS.

A

Motile cells
Metabolically active
Make and assemble structural proteins (collagen)

29
Q

granulomatous inflmmation is charecterised by the prsense of what?

A

Granulomas in tissues and organs.

30
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation stimulated by?

A

Indigestible antigen.

31
Q

Granulomas…

A

-Are aggregates of epithelioid macrophages in tissue.
-May contain giant cells
-May surround dead material
-May be surrounded by lymphocytes
-Contain neutrophils, eosinophils
-Respond to indigestible antigen
-Many are type IV hypersensitivity reactions

32
Q

Name some non-infective gramulas.

A

Crohn’s disease
Rheumatoid disease

33
Q

Wound healing is the process of…

A

Healing damaged tissue

34
Q

What is the process of surgical healing?

A

Healing by primary intention.

35
Q

What is the process of larger defect healiing?

A

Healing by secondary intention.

36
Q

Summaris the sequence of events in wound healing.

A

-Injury, blood clot, acute inflammation, fibrin
-Many growth factors and cytokines involved
-Granulation tissue growth - angiogenesis
-Phagocytosis of fibrin
-Myofibroblasts move in and lay down collagen
-Contraction of scar
-Re-epithelialisation

37
Q

WHAT FACTORS WILL FAVOUR WOUND HEALING?

A

-Cleanliness
Apposition of edges so no haematoma
-Sound nutrition
-Metabolic stability and normality
-Normal inflammatory and coagulation mechanisms

38
Q

What will impair wound healing?

A

-Dirty, gaping wooun, large haematoma
-Poorly nourished, lack of vitamins A ad C
-Abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes, corticosteroid therapy

39
Q

Describe fractiure healing.

A

-Same principles as healing at any site
-Modified by situation in bone
-Have to repair bony structure as well as soft tissue

40
Q

Describe the sequence of events for fracture healing

A

-Caused by trauma, fracture, haematoma
-Bits of dead bone and soft tissue
-Acute inflammation, organisation, granulation tissue, macrophages remove debris
-Granulation tissue contains osteoblasts as well as fibroblasts

41
Q

Describe Callus formation.

A

-Osteoblasts lay down woven bone
-Nodules of cartilage present
-Followed by bone remodelling

42
Q

Describe bone remodelling.

A

-Osteoclasts remove dead bone
-Progressive replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone
-Reformation of cortical and trabecular bone

43
Q

The product of a acture repair is called??

A
44
Q

How do macrophages assist with tissue organisation?

A

Macrophages release proteases, cytokines and growth factors, contributing to tissue organisation.

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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