Tumour Pathology 1- updated cards

Question 1

Name the three places our tissues are derived from embryologically.

Answer 1

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 2

Which types of tissues are derived from the ectoderm?

Answer 2

Skin
Neurons
Meloncytes

Question 3

Which types of cell are derived from the mesoderm?

Answer 3

Muscle
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Endothelium
Serous membranes

Question 4

Which types of cell are derived from the endoderm?

Answer 4

Lining of gut
Lining of airways
Glands

Question 5

Define hyperplasia

Answer 5

An increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of cells

Question 6

Define hypertrophy

Answer 6

An increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of cells
May be physiological or pathological

Question 7

Define atrophy

Answer 7

A decrease in an organ due to a reduction in the size and/or number of cells
May be physiological or pathological

Question 8

Define metaplasia

Answer 8

The complete transformation of one differentiated cell type into a different differentiated cell type

Question 9

In terms of metaplasia, which cell type may change to another in the oesophagus?

Answer 9

Squamous to glandular

Question 10

In terms of metaplasia, which cell type may change to another in the cervix?

Answer 10

Glandular to squamous

Question 11

In terms of metaplasia, which cell type may change to another in the respiratory system?

Answer 11

Columnar to squamous (

Question 12

Define tumour

Answer 12

Swelling of any sort but usually refers to a neoplasm

Question 13

Define neoplasia

Answer 13

An abnormal growth of tissue due to uncoordinated proliferation

Question 14

What is a benign neoplasm?

Answer 14

A neoplasm that does not invade or metastasise

Question 15

What is cancer?

Answer 15

A non-specific, non-technical term for a malignant neoplasm

Question 16

How are benign tissues named?

Answer 16

After the type of tissue the tumour arises from

Question 17

Where would fibroma arise from?

Answer 17

Fibrous tissue

Question 18

Where would leiomyoma arise from?

Answer 18

Smooth muscle

Question 19

Where would Angioma arise from?

Answer 19

Blood vessels

Question 20

Define carcinoma.

Answer 20

A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue.

Question 21

Give two examples of carcinoma.

Answer 21

Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

Question 22

What is more common- sarcoma or carcinoma?

Answer 22

Carcinoma

Question 23

Define sarcoma.

Answer 23

A cancer arising in connective tissue.

Question 24

However, not everything end in ‘oma is a neoplasm.

What is meant by the following-

Granuloma
Xanthoma
Atheroma

Answer 24

Granuloma - collection of epithelioid histiocytes
Xanthoma - collection of foamy macrophages
Atheroma - degenerative process of arteries leading to an accumulation of fatty material in the vessel wall

Question 25

Describe benign tumours.

Answer 25

Slow growth rate
Defined border
Smooth/round shape
Low chance of reoccurrence
Good prognosis
Surgery as treatment
Will not spread as confined by a basement membrane.

Question 26

Describe malignant tumours

Answer 26

Fast growth rate
Undefined border
Asymmetrical shape
High chance of reoccurrence if not fully removed
Poor prognosis
Surgery, chemo, radiotherapy as treatment
Will spread locally and distantly