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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > Clinically Relevant Gram Positives > Flashcards

Clinically Relevant Gram Positives Flashcards

1
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A sugar network composed of two major sugars (N-acetylmuramic acid
and N-acetylglucosamine.).

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2
Q

Which gram cell wall is more complex?

A

Gram negative cell walls.

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3
Q

Name some features of the cell wall which is specific to the gram negative cell wall.

A

Contains-
- lipoproteins
- lipids & porins, to get materials in and out of the cell.

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4
Q

What does peptidoglycan form the basis of?

A

A very simple staining method used to classify bacteria.

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5
Q

What colour does bacteria stain?

A

Pink or purple.

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6
Q

Purple bacteria are?

A

Gram positive.

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7
Q

Pink/red bacteria are?

A

Gram negative.

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8
Q

What kind of microscope do you need in order to view bacteria?

A

Light microscope.

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9
Q

Why does gram positive bacteria stay purple?

A

Because of the thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Crystal violet is able to form complexes within the peptidoglycan so stain is retained.

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10
Q

Why soes gram negative stain pink?

A

Because of the thin layer of peptidoglycan.
Unable to retain crystal violet stain.

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11
Q

List the advantages of using gram staining.

A
  1. Quick, simple, cheap way to classify clinically important organisms.
    2.Provides an early indication of which genus of bacteria is causing the infection.
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12
Q

What do anaerobic/aerobic mean in terms of bacteria?

A

Whether or not bacteria need oxygen in order to grow.

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13
Q

Name the bacteria which can be anaerobic or aerobic.

A

Cocci or bacilli.

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14
Q

Name the two forms that aerobic cocci can take.

A

Chains- streptococci.
Clusters- staphylococci.

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15
Q

What are streptococci determined by?

A

Their haemolysis- appearance on the blood agar.

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16
Q

Name the three types of haemolysis streptococci can have.

A

Alpha haemolytic- partial haemolysis.
Beta haemolytic- full haemolysis.
Non-haemolytic.

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17
Q

Give an example of of a disease which each of the following represent-
Alpha haemolytic- partial haemolysis.
Beta haemolytic- full haemolysis.
Non-haemolytic.

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Neonatal infections
  3. UTI
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18
Q

What are staphylococci determined by?

A

If they produce the enzyme coagulase or not.

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19
Q

Name the two kinds of staphylococci.

A

Coagulase positive.
Coagulase negative.

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20
Q

Give an example of a disease which the following represent-
Coagulase positive.
Coagulase negative.

A

Coagulase positive-sepsis
Coagulase negative-device related infections.

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21
Q

How can you differentiate between types of bacillus?

A

Shape- either large or small.

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22
Q

Name two small bacilli.

A

Corynebacterium or listeria.

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23
Q

Name one large bacilli-

A

Bacillus.

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24
Q

Name a disease which can be represented by-
Corynebacterium
Listeria.
Bacillus

A
  1. Diphtheria
  2. Sepsis or gastroenteritis
  3. Gastroenteritis
25
Q

Give an important example of coagulase positive staphylococci.

A

Staphylococcus aureus.

26
Q

Where is Staphylococcus aureus commonly found?

A

Nose, axilla and perineum.

27
Q

What kind of diseases can Staphylococcus bring about?

A

Wide range-
boils to abscesses, soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, septicaemia.

28
Q

What do antibiotics NOT cure?

A

Abscesses- need drained.

29
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to what type of drug?

A

Penicillin as produces enzyme penicillinase.
Methicillin- type of synthetic penicillin.

30
Q

Name one characteristic of coagulase negative staphylococci..

A

Forms biofilms (bacertia adheres to surface and forms complex microbial community).

31
Q

What is the main issue w biofilms?

A

Bacteria are protected and very difficult to treta.

32
Q

Name a common example of coagulase negative staphylococci.

A

S.Epidermis.

33
Q

What does alpha haemolytic bacteria do the blood agar?

A

Turns it green.

34
Q

What does beta haemolytic bacteria do to blood agar?

A

Turns it clear.

35
Q

What does non haemolytic bacteria do to blood agar?

A

No difference.

36
Q

Name one type of alpha haemolytic bacteria.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

37
Q

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae protected from the immune system?

A

Has a capsule which protects it.

38
Q

How are beta haemolytic bacteria identified?

A

By carbohydrate surface antigens.

39
Q

What groups of beta heamolytic bacteria do you get?

A

Groups A-G

40
Q

Which groups of beta haemolytic bacteria are most important?

A

Groups A, B, F and D

41
Q

Name the group A bacteria responsible for flesh eating bugs.

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes.

42
Q

Name a classic representative bacteria of Group B of beta haemolytic bacteria.

A

Streptococcus Agalactiae.

43
Q

What does Streptococcus Agalactiae usually cause?

A

Neonatal sepsis
Responsible for sepsis in older adults with underlying health issues.

44
Q

Group D streptococcus is…?

A

Less harmful than groups A and B
Often non-haemolytic.
Found in the gut.

45
Q

What can Group D streptococcus cause?

A

UTI’s
Infective endocarditis.

46
Q

Give an example of a clinically important gram positive bacillus.

A

Clostridiodes difficile.

47
Q

Is clostridiodes difficile aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic.

48
Q

Discuss colonies of bacteria.

A

Colonies are groups of bacteria found within humans bt are usually harmless.

49
Q

What does clostridiodes difficile cause?

A

Diahorrea.
Associated w production of toxins and potentially fatal.

50
Q

What can increase risks of clostridiodes difficile?

A

Increased exposure to antibiotics as disrupts normal gut flora, allowing bacteria and other organisms like clostridiodes difficile to proliferate.

51
Q

How is clostridiodes difficile transmitted?

A

Via spores.

52
Q

Name another key gram positive bacillus.

A

Clostridium perfringens

53
Q

What does Clostridium perfringens typically cause?

A

Gas gangrene.

54
Q

Where is Clostridium perfringens found?

A

In soil.
Found in the gut and faeces of animals and humans.

55
Q

C.tetani causes?

A

Tetanus through toxin production.

56
Q

What can happen in those with C.Tetani?

A

Uncontrolled muscle spasms due to loss of inhibition at neuromuscular junctions.

57
Q

C.Tetani can be prevented…how?

A

Use of vaccines.

58
Q

Biological spore warfare involves use of bacteria for what?

A

Botox

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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