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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Bactericidal?

A

Antimicrobial which kills bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteriostatic?

A

Antimicrobial which inhibits growth of bacteria.

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3
Q

When is a microorganism considered sensitive?

A

If it is inhibited or killed by an antimicrobial.

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4
Q

When is a microorganism considered resistent?

A

If it is not killed or inhibited by an antimicrobial.

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5
Q

MIC?

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

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6
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth of a given organism.

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7
Q

MBC?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration

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8
Q

What is MBC?

A

Minimum concentration of the antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism

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9
Q

What is meant by a topical administration?

A

Medicine applied to the surface, like skin

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10
Q

What is meant by systemic administration?

A

Medicine taken internally, either orally or parentally.

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11
Q

What is meant by parental administration?

A

Given IV or IM

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12
Q

What are the three types of antibiotic inhibition?

A
  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
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13
Q

Which type of synthesis inhibition does not affect humans?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis because human’s don’t have cell walls

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14
Q

Name two types of drug which inhibit cell wall synthesis.

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins

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15
Q

What type of drug are cephalosporins and penicillin?

A

Beta lactams

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16
Q

What specifically in the cell walls do beta lactams target?

A

Peptidoglycan in the cell wall

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17
Q

Name the types of drug which inhibit a different section of cell wall synthesis.

A

Glycopeptides

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18
Q

Name two glycopeptides.

A

Vancomycin and teicoplanin

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19
Q

Which type of bacteria do glycopeptides work against?

A

Only work on gram positive organisms.

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20
Q

What is a common issue w Vancomycin?

A

Risks of toxicity

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

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22
Q

Which type of organism can aminoglycosides affect most efficiently?

A

Gram negative

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23
Q

Name one aminoglycoside.

A

Gentamicin

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24
Q

Describe the pros and cons of using Gentamicin.

A

Pros- cheap, widely use
Cons- toxicity so requires close monitoring

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25
Q

Give two other groups of drugs which can act on protein synthesis.

A

Macrolides
Tetracyclines

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26
Q

Give some examples of macrolides.

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin

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27
Q

Which organisms are usually affected by macrolides?

A

Gram positive organisms

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28
Q

Which drug is a useful alternative to penicillin?

A

Macrolides, like erythromycin and clarithromycin

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29
Q

Oxazolidinones also inhibit protein synthesis.
They are a newer drug.
Give an example of one.

A

Linezolid

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30
Q

Name two drugs which can inhibit the purine stages of DNA synthesis.

A

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

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31
Q

The combination of which two drugs gives us co-trimoxazole?

A

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

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32
Q

Which group of drugs can inhibit the process of DNA synthesis more generally?

A

Fluoroquinolones

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33
Q

Give an example of a commonly used fluoroquinolone.

A

Ciprofloxacin

34
Q

Which organisms does Ciprofloxacin usually target?

A

Gram negative organisms

35
Q

How is Ciprofloxacin taken?

A

Orally

36
Q

What is one disadvantage to Ciprofloxacin?

A

Cannot be used in children

37
Q

What are some of the types of antibiotic resistance?

A

Inherent or intrinsic resistance
Required resistance

38
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by Inherent or intrinsic resistance.

A

Resistance to all strains of a given species.

39
Q

Describe briefly what is meant by required resistance.

A

Resistance may be present in some strains of the species but not in others.

40
Q

What are Beta Lactamases?

A

Bacterial enzymes which cleave the β–lactam ring of the antibiotic and thus
render it inactive

41
Q

Which antibiotic are many hospital strains of straph.aureus resistant to?

A

Resistant to beta lactams like benzyl penicillin.

42
Q

Which type of bacteria often have beta lactamases?

A

Gram negative bacilli

43
Q

How do you combat beta lactamases?

A
  1. Introduce a second antibiotic which targets the beta lactamases.
    OR
  2. Modify the antibiotic to become resistant to the action of beta lactmases
44
Q

Name drug which is beta lactamase resistant.

A

Flucloxacillin

45
Q

What is another mechanism of microorganisms which prevents beta lactams from working?

A

Having altered target sites.

46
Q

What are MRSA resistant to?

A

All penicillins and cephalosporins

47
Q

What can gram negative organisms produce which makes them resistant to all Beta lactams?

A

ESBLs (extended spectrum β-lactamases)

48
Q

In which type of organisms is vancomycin resistance unusual?

A

Gram negative organisms.

49
Q

Name some penicillin’s (which will be beta lactams :) )

A

Benzyl penicillin
Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin

Basically end in cillin

50
Q

GENERAL

Describe aminoglycosides.

A

-Parenertal use only
-Action against gram negative
-Staphylococci are sensitive to them but streptococci are not

51
Q

Name the most commonly use aminoglycoside.

A

Gentamicin

52
Q

GENERAL

Describe glycopeptides.

A

-Parenteral use only
-Only action against gram positive (aerobic and anaerobic)

53
Q

GENERAL

Describe macrolides.

A

-Action mainly against gram positive
-Alternative to penicillin

54
Q

Name to agents used in the treatment of a UTI.

A

Nalidixic acid
Nitrofurantoin

55
Q

Which drug would you give for the treatment of a gram negative UTI?

A

Nalidixic acid
or
Nitrofurantoin

56
Q

Which drug would you give for the treatment of a gram positive UTI?

A

Nitrofurantoin

57
Q

Which antibody initiates anaphylaxis?

A

IgE

58
Q

Which infection can be a side effect of antibiotic usage?

A

C.difficile

59
Q

What is C.difficile treated with?

A

Oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin

60
Q

List some parts of the body which can be affected by toxicity due to broad spectrum antibiotics.

A

Liver
GI
Kidneys
Blood

61
Q

Discuss which yeast related condition can occur due to broad spectrum antibiotics.

A

Thrush

62
Q

Name the yeast responsible for thrush.

A

Candida albicans

63
Q

Why is it important to consider those with renal dysfunction before administrating antibiotics?

A

Kidneys excrete antibiotics.
If kidneys aren’t working, accumulation of antibiotic will build up, causing toxicity

64
Q

Why is it important to consider those with liver dysfunction before administrating antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics may be metabolised and excreted via bile so reduced function could impair this

65
Q

Why do some antibiotics need to be avoided in pregnancy?

A
  1. Can increase mutation risks in baby
  2. Can increase risks of congenital issues
66
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

Administration of antimicrobials to prevent the future occurrence of infection

67
Q

When may prophylaxis be given?

A

If a patient has been in contact with highly communicable diseases.
If a patient is going to undergo operation.

68
Q

Give an example of an operation type in which prophylaxis will be given before?

A

Most abdominal operations

69
Q

When may a combination treatment be administrated?

A
  • To cover mixed infection by more than one organism.
  • Because two antimicrobials sometimes have an enhanced effect together
  • To minimise the development of resistant strains to any one agent
70
Q

In which diseases is combo therapy important?

A

Treatment in HIV or TB

71
Q

Define synergistic.

A

Combo of two drugs has a greater effect than their individual effects

72
Q

Name one test which can measure MIC.

A

E test

73
Q

What do polyenes bind to?

A

Ergosterol

74
Q

Which cells is ergosterol present in?

A

Yeast cells

75
Q

Which drug is used intra-venously for serious yeast and other fungal infections?

A

Amphotericin B i

76
Q

What is one negative factor about Amphotericin B?

A

It’s toxic

77
Q

What can be given orally for serious fungal infection?

A

Nystatin

78
Q

Name an azole which used widely in the treatment of yeast infections.

A

Fluconazole

79
Q

Which drug is used for fungal infection on skin or nails?

A

Terbinafine

80
Q

Which type of drug is used for serious Candida and Aspergillus infections?

A

Echinocandins

81
Q

Antiviral drugs are less common.

Name one antiviral drug which is active against Herpes Simple Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus.

A

Aciclovir

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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