Pathological Thrombosis Flashcards

1
Q

When does pathological thrombosis take plcae?

A

Occurs in absence of cut or traumatic injury

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2
Q

What are the three main causes of thrombosis.

A

Changes in the intimal surface of a vessel
Changes in the pattern of blood flow
Changes in the blood constituents

Virchows Triad

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3
Q

What are the main arteries in the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

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4
Q

Which one of Varchow’s traid describes the alteration in the properties of blood?

A

Changes in constituents

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5
Q

What is atheroma?

A

A disease of coronary arteries which results in a build up of lipid under the intimal surface

Only occurs in arteries.

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6
Q

What can atheroma result in?

A

Abnormal blood flow- both slow and turbulent flow.

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7
Q

What can rupture through the intimal surface of an artery?

A

Lipids and collagen

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8
Q

What happens when platelets and fibri are exposed to abnromal substances like collagen and lipids?

A

turbulent flow and are deposited as a thrombus

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9
Q

What does the thrombum block?

A

the lumen of the coronary artery

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10
Q

Where can the clot form when the thrombum blocks the lumen of the coronary artery.

A

Clot can now form in the stagnant blood behind the thrombus

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11
Q

Give an example for each of Virchow’s Triad.

A

Changes in the intimal surface of a vessel (for example: atheroma lipid coming onto surface)

Changes in the pattern of blood flow (for example: a bulge of atheroma changing the flow of blood)

Changes in the blood constituents (for example: smoking making it more likely that platelets aggregate)

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12
Q

If all three of virchow’s triad occured, what may happen?

A

Cornoery artery thrombosis

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13
Q

What is th conseuqnece of a thrombus bocking the artery?

A

Complete obstructtuion so no flow beyond blockage

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14
Q

What does partial obstruction lead to?

A

Decreased flow beyond the blockage

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15
Q

Define ischaemia

A

Poor blood flow

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16
Q

If ischaemia is sever enoug, what can you get?

17
Q

Is ischaemic heart tissue painful?

18
Q

What happens to a tissue if the artery supplying it is partially blocked?

A

rECIEVES LESS BLOOD FLOW (ISCHAEMIA.

19
Q

What happns when there is a severe or total blockage of blood flow?

A

In severe or total blockage of blood flow the lack of blood flow (ischaemia) leads to severe lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and a localised area of tissue dies

20
Q

What is the localised area of dead tissue called?

21
Q

What is the process of tissue dying called?

22
Q

What is an infarct?

A

Necrosis as a result of ischaemia (= ischaemic necrosis)

23
Q

Infarcts can occur in other tissues supplied by other arteries: For instance:

A

Coronary artery thrombosis – infarct in heart
Cerebral artery thrombosis – infarct in brain
Mesenteric artery thrombosis – infarct in gut

24
Q

Define embolism.

A

A mass of material moving in the vascular system and able to become lodged in a vessel and block its lumen

25
Where do emboli dervive from?
Most emboli are derived from thrombi or clots They break off and go elsewhere in the circulation
26
What is it called when thrombi or clots embolise?
Thromboembolism
27
Give a common example of thromboembolism
Pulmonary embolism.
28
how does pulmonary embolism occur?
Sluggish flow in leg veins leads to thrombosis and clot formation. This is because part of thrombus (and clot) breaks off and travels up vein
29
Describe the movement of the embolus to the heart.
Embolus passes into inferior vena cava, then right heart, then pulmonary trunk, and lodges in pulmonary artery branch Embolous blcos pulmonary artery and get pulmonary infarct.
30
Describe a marrow embolism
Fracture a leg  marrow enters ruptured vein marrow embolises to lung vessels = Marrow embolism
31
Discuess an example of an air embolism.
Knife wound to neck. Air enters vein  air embolises to heart = Air embolism (never inject a person with air in a syringe!)