Imaging

Question 1

What is an xray?

Answer 1

An electromagnetic packet of energy with a extremely short wavelength .

Question 2

How short is the wavelength for xrays?

Answer 2

Between 0.1 and 10 nanometres

Question 3

What is one of the main problems with xray generation?

Answer 3

Produces a lot of heat

Question 4

What does the intensity of xrays depend on?

Answer 4

Tube current
Atomic number of target
Tube voltage

Question 5

What are the three xray interactions with matter?

Answer 5

Absorption
Transmission
Scatter

Question 6

Define attenuation.

Answer 6

The process by which radiation loses power as it travels through matter and interacts with it.

Question 7

Name three factors which increase attenuation.

Answer 7

Increases with Z (atomic number)
Increases with density
Increases with thickness

Question 8

What helps with the generation of an ultrasound?

Answer 8

Sound waves

Question 9

List some of the features of an MRI machine

Answer 9

-Rotating x-ray tube
-Multiple beams
-Single axis of rotation
-Digital geometry processing….axial image

Question 10

List some applications for CT

Answer 10

Trauma
Cancer staging and response to treatment
Guidance for procedures

Question 11

Define ionising radiation.

Answer 11

A particle or wave with sufficient energy to ‘ionise’ a neutral atom or molecule, and leave them with either a positive or negative charge.

Question 12

What is the unit used for describing the absorption of radiation by the human body?

Answer 12

Sievert

Question 13

Name three ways to minimise exposure to raditiation.

Answer 13

1. minimise time
2. use shields
3. distance yourself

Question 14

MRI is useful for examining which two parts of the body v well?

Answer 14

Brain and spinal cord

Question 15

Name some imaging

Answer 15

 Plain radiographs
 Barium studies
 CT
 MRI
 PET

Question 16

What is a barium xray?

Answer 16

A barium X-ray is a radiographic (X-ray) examination of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Question 17

What parts of the body is the barium swallow and meal for?

Answer 17

Oesophagus, stomach and duodenum

Question 18

What part of the body is the barium follow through used for?

Answer 18

Small intestine

Question 19

What part of the body is the barium enema used for?

Answer 19

The large bowel

Question 20

Name the cross sectional imaging used for the diagnosis of cancer.

Answer 20

PET
CT
MRI

Question 21

When is CT used in cancer imaging?

Answer 21

CT is used in the initial diagnosis staging of the disease

Question 22

List some of the things that can be highlighted from a CT.

Answer 22

-Biopsy of the lesions
- Monitoring response to treatment
- Evaluation of residual mass after treatment
- Recognition of complications of treatment
- When there is concern for disease relapse

Question 23

Explain the scientific basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

->it’s one of the learning outcomes I’M SORRY

Answer 23

 Radiofrequency pulse displaces protons and images created by displaying time taken for protons to “relax” back to the original alignment.

Question 24

What is MRI very good at showing?

Answer 24

The detail of bone soft tissue

Question 25

Name some of the areas MRI is useful in imaging.

Answer 25

 Brain, spine and musculoskeletal
 abdomen and pelvis
 cardiac imaging

Question 26

List some disadvantages of MRI.

Answer 26

 Brain, spine and musculoskeletal
 abdomen and pelvis
 cardiac imaging

Question 27

Name the advantage for screening.

Answer 27

Diagnose disease at an earlier stage, before symptoms start meaning things like cancer is easier to treat and most likely to be curable

Question 28

List some of the screening carried out by the NHS.

Answer 28

 Breast
 Bowel
 Cervix

Question 29

Name various principles  The condition should be an important health
problem.

Answer 29

 The condition should be an important health problem.
 There should be a latent stage of the disease.
 There should be a test or examination for the condition.
 The test should be acceptable to the population There should be a treatment for the condition.
 Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available.

Question 30

What is the screening for breast cancer?

Answer 30

Mammography screening

Question 31

Explain that imaging investigations can be expensive and should only be requested when appropriate.

Answer 31

Benefit to the individual and the population should outweigh the cost

Question 32

What is molecular imaging?

Answer 32

Radionuclide imaging

Question 33

Name the most frequenty used type of molecular imaging.

Answer 33

PET

Question 34

Name the two elements of radiopharmaceuticals

Answer 34

Radioactive element
+
Pharmaceutical element

Question 35

List some of the properties of an ideal isotope.

Answer 35

-Half-life similar to length of examination
-Gamma emitter, rather than a or b
-Energy of g rays should be 50-300 keV
-Radionuclide should be readily available at hospital site
-Easily bound to pharmaceutical component
-Radiopharmaceutical should be simple to prepare
-Radiopharmaceutical should be eliminated in similar half-time to duration of examination

Question 36

What is a gamma camera used for?

Answer 36

Used to image gamma radiation–emitting radioisotopes.

Question 37

What is SPECT usually used for?

Answer 37

brain and cardiac studies

Question 38

What is SPECT?

Answer 38

CT version of nuclear medicine where gamma cameras rotate around area of interest

Question 39

What type of imagining is PET?

Answer 39

Molecular imaging

Question 40

Learning outcome says- Examples of inflammatory and infectious diseases

…so ig give some examples of inflammation?

Answer 40

• aortitis (inflammation of the aorta).
  -ulcerative colitis (a long-term condition where the colon and rectum become inflamed)

Question 41

Describe the main risk of ionising radiation.

Answer 41

Risk of inducing fatal cancer e.g. CT abdomen & pelvis = 1:1600 (but risk is 1:4 for population and risk is relative)

Question 42

Describe the benefits of ionising radiation.

Answer 42

diagnosis, management change, treatment) should always outweigh costs (radiation, risk to patient and staff, ££)
idk this is what he said